Future Plans Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

Future Plans Scholarship Essay "Did life exist on Mars?" "What would it take to build a spaceship that could travel at the speed of light?" "When will the moon be colonized?" These are just some of the questions that wander through my mind all day. Fascinated by the secrets of the universe, I yearn to uncover mysteries. In order to blast open all the closed gates between knowledge and myself, I need the powerful tools of education. After I graduate from high school, I plan to attend a college or university that has strong mathematics and science departments. Even now, I am actively preparing to enter the realm of science, taking college-level math and physics classes through the Running Start program. Upon receiving a college degree, my life-long dream is to engage in scientific research for NASA. Unfortunately, most colleges notable for their academic standards are also renowned for costly tuition. My family consists of one working parent and two children who wish to attend college. Receiving the Lacamas Credit Union Scholarship would lighten the financial burden on my family and would enable me to pursue my dream. Perhaps then, my questions could be answered.

The Categorical Imperative Aga essays

The Categorical Imperative Aga essays The Categorical Imperative Again and Again Philosophy is repetitive and at many times unbelievably pointless. No wonder Immanuel Kant was a great philosopher. In the Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant discusses his moral theory. A central topic in his philosophy is the categorical imperative, which he repeats several times, each time presenting a different formulation. But all formulations essentially contain the same basic ideas. In order to understand the ideas behind the categorical imperative, it is necessary to first examine the foundation that Kant builds for his philosophy of morals. To begin with, Kant draws an analogy between the laws of ethics and the laws of science. Just as the laws of science can be known by pure reason, the laws of ethics, or morality, can be known by practical reason. Morality, though, is a normative system, as opposed to the natural laws of science. A normative system prescribes what ought to happen, as opposed to a natural system that determines what actually does happen. Since morality only cares for what ought to happen and not with what actually happens, moral laws, then, must be found a priori. Everything a posteriori or discovered with the senses only shows with did happen, not what ought to have happened. Moral laws must not be derived from examples, since moral laws would hold even if there were no examples. Therefore, the foundation of morality for Kant must lie with reason alone. Rationality is the key to morality. Based on this premise, it follows that all rational beings must have the same moral laws, and all moral laws would have absolute necessity that would apply universally to all rational beings. An action to have moral worth, besides being a universal law, also must come from duty and duty alone. Duty is the cause of an action when it is done purely out of respect for the law. Kant distinguishes between two kinds of duties: perfect an...

Business Plan (Financial Part) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Plan (Financial Part) - Essay Example These are powerful tools since these would contain a summary of the services that the office would render. With this plan, the owner budgeted for the design and production of the materials on a quarterly basis. An agency will be outsourced to fulfill this requirement. CFL would also be utilizing Search Engine Optimization, thus the budget to be allocated for the creation and hosting of its website. The creation of a web site would only be one-time and any change to the website would essentially be just minor ones and would not entail too much costs. Print ads would also be produced to support the above-mentioned marketing plans and also to reach the market who are heavy users of this medium. A monthly print advertisement shall be implemented in two major dailies in Cyprus. The budgetary requirements have been spread all throughout the first year of operations to be able to determine the needed cash flow. Targets on the number of needed accounts to cover for all operational costs have also been determined. These targets must be adhered to by the account managers to ensure smooth operations of the company. The 50,000 pounds start-up capital shall not be used up 100% for the first month, but instead, only 25% of which shall be spent on the perceived operational requirements./The rest shall be treated as savings and would only be used as needed. The cash flow has been planned to ensure that the projected income shall cover for the projected costs. The targeted number of projects and clients has been identified for the rest of the operational year. This is to ensure that all operational costs shall be covered for and that there would be as little deficit as can be should the plans do not materialize. The budget requirements are definitely lower than the projected income. The company plans to adhere to this budget plan to ensure that the office, at the very least, breaks even. However, as such a business is bound to

Discovery of America and the Scientific Revolution in Europe Essay

Discovery of America and the Scientific Revolution in Europe - Essay Example While Columbus could not have been the first European to discover the â€Å"New World† and did not actually reach the mainland until 1498, his discovery greatly contributed to extensive knowledge on the â€Å"New World† for the first time in history3. The scientific revolution refers to the emergence of the modern science during the time of early modern period when development in physics, mathematics, biology, astronomy, chemistry, and human anatomy transformed the views of nature and society4. Before the discovery of this â€Å"New World†, there was widespread belief that people living in such places were not normal. The Romans, in particular, held a belief that people who were living in northern Africa were monsters, and abnormal. Such beliefs went on into the medieval era5. The discovery of the â€Å"New World† by Columbus assisted a great deal in removing this ignorance and superstitions. Further, this discovery made Europeans be more interested in discovering the physical world. The relation with nature changed and it had to be controlled in order to have the desired effect. This was actually the beginning of scientific revolution6. Alongside these developments, there was also cultural and political change that occurred in Spain and the rest of Europe as result of exploration and extension of the overseas empires. The early modern period saw a tremendous rise in European engagement with and knowledge of the â€Å"outside world†. This paper discussed the relationship between the discovery of America and the rise of a scientific revolution in Spain and subsequently to Europe. The Columbian explorations in the New World led to the development of the new transportation technologies that could facilitate navigation and other forms of transportation between Spain and the New World7. European explorers improved the new transport technologies that were developed by Spain. These explorers gathered from the â€Å"New World† information  concerning the culture of the local people, and people who were not previously known.

Journal entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Journal entry - Essay Example The characteristics of learning materials were concurrently expounded providing discussions on language, culture and viewpoints of learners, as necessary. Various techniques were likewise presented regarding soliciting information regarding materials and getting the most from them. One would definitely benefit from the contents of the article in terms of recognizing the role that instructional materials play in learning English as a second language. In the process, the techniques that were discussed are tools that would provide direction and guidelines in determining which materials are most effective and what particular information could be used to maximize learning. If one would be required to work on a particular project within the course module, the materials would provide the theoretical framework within which various applications could be generated. Therefore, through recognizing and awareness of instructional materials’ relevance to the course, one is made more sensitive and discerning in selecting and using the most effective materials to ensure that learning objectives are appropriately met. Kitao, K., & Kitao, S. K. (1997, April). Selecting and Developing Teaching/Learning Materials. Retrieved February 6, 2012, from The Internet TESL Journal :

Importance of foreign language

Importance of foreign language 1. Introduction It is known to all that language and culture are inseparable. Language itself makes no sense and has no meaning outside the cultural setting in which it is spoken. They are intricately interwoven with each other. Some people believe that the knowledge of other cultures is as important as proficiency in using their language. In the EFL (English as a foreign language) teaching, great attention should be paid to teaching culture of the target language as well as to teaching linguistic knowledge. Culture introduction should be integrated with language teaching in many aspects and at multiple levels so that learners intercultural communicative skills can be enhanced. Byram (1989) states: as learners learn about language, they learn about culture and as they learn to use a new language, they learn to communicate with other individuals from a new culture. The problem is that the mastery of vocabulary and structures does not necessarily ensure a persons communicative competence. What the students really need is to be taught directly what people say in particular situations in the English culture. The knowledge of culture has a great impact on learners language use and sometimes directly influences the outcome of communication with native speakers. Most language teachers would agree that in order to apply language skills fruitfully and effectively, the knowledge of cultural environment is essential. So it is not difficult to understand why the culture component is so crucial in foreign language teaching. First, successful intercultural communication entails a great deal that is more than language skills, understanding a second language does not ensure understanding the speakers intentions. That is to say, the ability to communicate successfully with native speakers depends not only on language skills but also on comprehension of cultural habits and expectations. Second, another principal reason for the inclusion of culture in the second language curriculum is cross-cultural understanding. International understanding is seen as one of the basic goals of language education. It is equally important to understand the differences among the various subcultures within which people of different races, religions, and political beliefs live together peacefully. Peace and progress in a world of diverse elements no doubt depend upon understanding, tolerance, exchange and cooperation. Foreign language study is one of the core educational components for achieving this widely recognized aim. Whether or not the foreign language learning and teaching are successful counts on how much cultural and linguistic information the students can get. The third reason deals with the students themselves. On one hand, curious students may be extremely interested in the people who speak English, they want to know about these people-what they are like, how they live and ho w they are different from themselves. On the other hand, students knowledge of the basic aspects of target culture tends to be inexplicit and incomprehensive if they have not been provided with systematic knowledge in schools. And language teachers have to admit that many students are not gaining a basic familiarity with the English culture, because even though language and culture go hand in hand in a classroom, some teachers choose to neglect culture and students scarcely pay due attention to it since they do not have to take a test of culture. Overall, foreign language teaching should help students lay a solid foundation of language, grasp good learning techniques, cultivate their cultural awareness so as to meet the needs of social development and economic construction. English as the foremost medium of international communication at present, is called upon to mediate a whole range of cultural, cross-cultural concepts thus make English language teaching a potentially more and more significant role than ever before and English culture teaching is coming or will come to the foreground. 2. Definition of Culture Then what is culture? Duranti defined as something learned, transmitted, passed down from one generation to the next, through human actions, often in the form of face-to-face interaction and, of course, through linguistic communication. According to Sapirs view, culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks. On a general level, anthropologists define culture as the whole way of life of a people or group. In this context, culture includes all the social practices that bond a group of people together and distinguish them from others. It is that fact of human life learned by, people as a result of belonging to some particular group; it is that part of learned behavior shared with others. Not only does this concept include a groups way of thinking, feeling, and acting, but internalized patterns for doing certain things in certain ways. not just the doing of them. Goodenough (1981) summarizes the contents of culture briefly quoted below: The ways in which people have organized their experience of the real world so as to give it structure as a phenomenal world of forms, their percepts and concepts. The ways in which people have organized their experience of their phenomenal world so as to give it structure as a system of cause and effect relationships, that is, the propositions and beliefs by which they explain events and accomplish their purposes. The ways in which people have organized their experience of their past efforts to accomplish recurring purposes into operational procedures for accomplishing these purposes in the future, that is, a set of grammatical principles of action and a series of recipes for accomplishing particular ends. 3. Language and Culture A language is a system of verbal and in many cases, written symbols, with standardized meanings. Language is the outward manifestation of the spirit of people: their language is their spirit, and their spirit is their language; it is difficult to imagine any two things more identical. It enables people to store meanings and experiences and to pass this heritage on to new generations. Through words, we are able to learn about and from the experiences of others. In addition, language enables us to transcend the here and now, preserving the past and imaging the future; to communicate with others and formulate complex plans; to integrate different kinds of experiences; and to develop abstract ideas. However, it is impossible to overestimate the importance of language in the development, elaboration, and transmission of culture. 4. The Relationship between Culture and Language It is generally accepted that language and culture are related to each other. Language is not only for communication between people who have their own cultural norms, but as a mirror to reflect the world and peoples view of the world. Because of the need of international communication for economic technological development among various countries, English is more and more used in different countries and cultures for exchanging information. Culture and language are related to each other, which is strongly advocated by Byram, who has contended that cultural learning and language learning cannot take place independent of each other (Byram, 1994). Culture is a complex concept that includes language. Many theorists have expressed this point of view from various perspectives. For example, Kramsch has made the point that the purpose for learning a foreign language is a way of making cultural statement as well as learning a new way of making communication (Kramsch, 1993) while other theorists have attached great importance to culture for language understanding. For instance, Byram has argued that only when the cultural context is understood can the language rooted in the context be thoroughly comprehensible (Byram 1994).This point has found an echo with Brown: Misunderstandings are likely to occur between members of different cultures; differences are real and we must learn to deal with them in any situation in which two cultures come into contact. Language is an important part of culture as well. Byram has elaborated this idea in one of his books: Cultural studies in foreign language education as language preeminently embodies the values and meanings of a culture, refers to cultural artifacts and signal peoples cultural identity. (Byram, 1989) Other theorists have defined culture in such a way that language is put at the center of an account of a particular culture. Brown has provided another such definition in which he describes language as the most visible and available expression of a particular culture. (Brown, 1987) In sum, culture is related to language and vice versa. Culture would be difficult to be transmitted from place to place and from generation to generation if there were no languages, the principal carrier of values and meanings of a culture. Language would be impossible to be understood without constant reference to the cultural context, which has produced it. It may, therefore, be argued that culture and language cannot be treated exclusive of each other in language teaching program. In other words, it is necessary and more proper to teach both language and culture in an integrated way. It is worthy of noting here that one of the practices of integrating the two is to use the target language as the medium of instruction in culture teaching. Goodenough states the relationship between language and culture in his book Culture and Linguistic. He argued language in a society is one aspect of the societys culture. The relationship between them is the part and the whole. As a component part of culture, the particularities of language show that it is a main tool of learning culture during the process of learning and using (Goodenough, 1981). 5. The Relationship between Language Learning and Culture Just as there is not a single thing in the world without a dual nature, so is language teaching. Language teaching and culture teaching have a dual nature. In order to conduct language teaching well, one must take up the teaching of culture and the teaching of language at the same time. When we learn a foreign language, we do more than learn a linguistic system. We acquire some degree of familiarity with the foreign cultural system. It is now broadly accepted in most parts of the world that learning a foreign language is not simply mastering the grammar, the vocabulary, etc, but more appropriately focuses on learning a means of communication. Communication in real situations is never out of context, and because culture is part of most contexts, communication is rarely culture-free. The same word, if used in different culture, would get different psychological response. When reading the sentence Its morally hard to turn her away as it is a lost dog, most students put a lost dog into literal meaning which totally shows our feeling of disgust and dislike for the dog. But it is not the case in western countries. In the western culture, dogs are regarded as faithful friends and companions. So the actual meaning of the lost dog here means something precious, valuable and favorite is lost. If you know the actual implication of it, your sympathy can be aroused. Its obvious that neglecting the cultural difference results in the misunderstanding. Therefore, it is necessary to learn how to understand and create language that is in accordance with the sociocultural parameters of the specific situation, because failure to do so may cause users to miss key points that are being communicated in either the written or the oral language and have their messages misunderstood. 6. Language Teaching and Intercultural Communication Samovar, Porter Jain(1981) observe: Culture and communication are inseparable because culture not only dictates who talks to whom, about what and how the communication proceeds, it also helps to determine how people encode messages, the meanings they have for messages, and the conditions and circumstances under which various messages may or may not be sent, noticed, or interpreted Culture is the foundation of communication. The term intercultural is generally used to describe comparative data and studies of a large number of cultures, or studies that try to identify dimensions that are not culture specific. Intercultural is also used to describe interactional data from members of different cultural backgrounds (normally more than two). Then whats the meaning of intercultural communication? Maureen Guirdham points out that intercultural communication is communication across cultures, it describes cultural dimensions applicable for all cultures. She believes that Intercultural Communication skills may well hold the key to solving many of the current global conflicts. In a speech at the Luton Intercultural Forum, she outlined her views as to how people trained in Intercultural Communication could help to resolve current conflicts such as the Balkan conflict, the Middle East crisis and many more. In her speech, she outlined that most modem conflictssuch as IsraelPalestine conflict, the conflict between Pakistan and India and othersare essentially intercultural conflicts and that conflict resolution mainly is a communication activity. Lets come to some key points of intercultural communication: When communications cause conflict, be aware that problems might have more to do with style or process than with content or motives. Learn to understand different communication stylesyou could even benefit through expanding your repertoire. Communicating across cultures requires extra effort. Good communication requires commitment and concentration. Although culture affects differences in communication patterns, there are many exceptions within each group depending on class, age, education, experience, and personality. Remember that communication is a process and the process varies among cultures. Look at what might be getting in the way of understanding. Constantly ask, Whats going on here? and check your assumptions. Avoid jokes, words or expressions that are hot button, such as those that are based on ethnicity, race or gender. Use language that fosters trust and alliance. Respect differences; dont judge people because of the way they speak. 7. Intercultural Communication A simple way to define the term intercultural communication is to use the definition of communication that was provided in the previous section and insert the phrase from different cultures. This addition would yield the following definition: Intercultural communication is a symbolic process in which people from different cultures create shared meanings. This definition, although accurate, is difficult to apply. To foreground the importance of interpersonal communication in intercultural exchanges, we prefer the following definition: Intercultural communication is concerned with unmediated communication between people from different cultural backgrounds. Differences in interpersonal perception and attitudes to social involvement are also important factors in intercultural communication. Intercultural communication: Face-to-face communication between people from different cultural backgrounds. As inhabitants of the 21st century, we no longer have a choice about whether to live and communicate in a world of many cultures. The forces that bring other cultures into our life are dynamic, potent, and ever present. What does this great cultural mixing mean to EFL teaching? What competence should foreign language learners have to meet the need of communicating appropriately and effectively in such a world? The answer is that EFL teaching should cultivate learners intercultural communicative competence. 8. Intercultural Communicative Competence Intercultural communicative competence (ICC) is defined in a great number of studies as the competence to obtain effective outcomes in intercultural communication situations. In the past few decades, ICC has become an important research area in intercultural communication studies, and produced a considerable amount of literature. ICC is related to such competence as distinguishing the cultural factors, because these things will surely have their reflections in a practical communicative situation and thereby exert much influence upon the understandings. With the gradual awareness of the importance of the communicative competence, we are sure that in EFL, more and more teachers will place their emphasis upon the improvement of ICC, and develop their students intercultural communicative competence as well as the linguistic competence at the same time, In the paragraphs above, we have introduced the definition of Intercultural Communicative Competence. Quite often, we know that studies on ICC are driven by practical needs such as sending personnel abroad to perform political and commercial tasks. Thus ICC is defined by the outcomes, or the effectiveness of achieving these goals, the main purpose of ICC studies, therefore, is to identify components of effectiveness on the one hand, and its predictors on the other, Two major effectiveness components are task performance and appropriateness of behavior in the target culture. The predictors of effectiveness identified include ambiguity tolerance, cognitive complexity, good conversation skills, intercultural training, etc. In sum, the current ICC studies are characterized by the centrality of effectiveness goal-attainment, and individual control. Underlying this package of practice is the assumption that communication is under the control of the individual; if he or she has the necessary personal dispositions and skills, then the pre-determined goals of communication will be achieved. The above view holds the idea that ICC is within the individual. Competence will develop or occur in relational contexts, yet without the internal potential of the individual, there is no relationship. But this view has perhaps to some extent overlooked the internal qualities of the communicators. Maybe task-performance takes the essential position in most models. Other factors such as appropriateness or individual cultural adjustment all pave the way for task performance. As a matter of fact, the primacy of task performance is evident in the very definition of ICC. Intercultural communicative competence deals with questions related to an issue often characterized by the terms culture-specific, context-specific, and culture-general, which are the various approaches to the study of intercultural communicative competence. The culture-specific, method assumes that the most effective way to improve intercultural communication is to study that culture. For example, if you were going to Japan, you might benefit from advice about gift giving, the use of first names, greeting behavior, indirect speech, politeness, the use of business cards, the importance of group harmony, social stability, and the like. In a practical intercultural communication, the only way of culture-specific is not enough, people should know what to do and how to do in a real situation, then context-specific is also needed. In recent years scholars have begun to talk about not only the specific cultures, but also the context or setting of the intercultural encounters. Studies have been made to explore the business, educational, and health care settings as a way of assessing the impact of the environment on communication in a broad way. The third approach is culture-general. What has been suggested here is that regardless of the culture you are encountering, it is important to have knowledge of the persons culture and try to adapt whenever possible. What we have discussed can be found in most intercultural experiences. This is what we mean by culture-general. That is to say, look at universal skills that can be used in all cultures. How to improve intercultural communicative competence? According to Samovar Porter (1988), that is to know yourself. Although the idea of knowing yourself is common. while knowing yourself is crucial to improve intercultural communication. We know we can write the words know yourself with ease, but it will take a great deal of effort to translate this assignment into practice. The application of knowing yourself covers three directions: first, know your culture_ because everyone is the product of their culture, people are cultural beings and must be ever vigilant to the impact of ones own cultural. Second, know your perceptions. Knowing your likes and dislikes, the degrees of personal ethnocentrism enables you to detect the ways in which these attitudes influence communication. And third, know how you act on those perceptions. The third step in knowing yourself is to know your communication style, which is somewhat more difficult, because it involves discovering the kind of image yo u portray to the rest of the world. If you are to improve your communication, you must, therefore, have some idea of how you present yourself, since it will take a hard time understanding why people respond as they do, and peoples most take-for-granted behaviors are often hidden behind their consciousness. (Samovar Porter, 1988) 8. Cultural Knowledge and Cultural Competence Knowing the contents of cultivating ICC, we need to discuss the concept of cultural knowledge. It includes two parts: cultural competence (belonging to the category of proficiency objectives) and conceptual knowledge (belonging to the category of cognitive objectives) about the target culture. The conceptual knowledge about the target culture refers to the systematic conceptual knowledge about the target culture and society and it should include the target societys geography, history, institutions, religions, economy, education and arts and so on. This conceptual knowledge about the target culture is often referred to as the general knowledge of the target culture. Cultural competence refers to implicit mastery of the norms of a society, the unspoken rules of conduct, values, and orientation that make up the cultural fabric of a society. It also includes the ability to recognize culturally significant facts, and knowledge of the parameters within which behavior is acceptable or unacceptable. Cultural competence does not necessarily mean conformity to these norms and rules. Cultural competence is the same as communicative competence in many aspects. Communicative competence (the term discussed before) also implies knowledge of many aspects of society and culture: forms of address, choices of register and style, differences between social and regional dialects, and the social values attached to these differences. These items refer to characteristic features of the culture. In language teaching, for instance, communicative competence includes certain aspects of sociocultural information. To a certain extent, however, cultural competence is different from communicative competence in that it refers mainly to social and cultural behavior and facts, and less to their linguistic manifestations. To be successful in the intercultural communication, both linguistic competence and cultural competence are needed. The appearance of disharmony, misunderstandings and even conflicts in communication is largely due to a lack of cultural competence. In the century of the global intercultural communication, the goal of foreign language teaching has to be changed. A shift should be made to the cultivation of intercultural communication competence. 9. Arousing Students Cultural Awareness Cultural awareness is the term used to describe sensitivity to the impact of culturally induced behavior on language use and communication. It refers to an understanding of ones own and others cultures that affect how people think and behave. It deals with geographical knowledge, the knowledge about the contributions of the target culture to world civilization, the knowledge about differences in the ways of life as well as an understanding of values and attitudes in the second language community. Cultural awareness includes understanding commonalities of human behavior and differences in cultural patterns. It must be viewed both as enabling language proficiency and as being the outcome of reflection on language proficiency. Intercultural communicative awareness means the sensibility to the impact of culturally induced behavior in communications across cultures. It involves the ability to identify cultural diversity and develop empathy (to see things from the point of view of others). On a less transparent level, intercultural awareness might be as simple as becoming aware of cultural differences as they apply to the use of yes or no. For instance,, knowing that in the American culture, people tend to be more direct and avoid roundabout answers, we would not make a reply like Please dont bother, to the hosts question Do you like some more potato soup? instead, we would respond by saying Yes, please. if we really want some, or No, thank. you. if we think we have had enough of it. A persons socio-cultural knowledge restricts how he exploits his linguistic potential. It is generally believed that if a person lacks socio-cultural knowledge relevant to the target language, a person can hardly use a language accurately and appropriately and be an effective intercultural communicator. Cultural awareness teaching should be involved with viewpoints, and with allowing students to gain a perspective through comparison which is neither entirely one nor the other. In the process of comparison from two viewpoints there lies the possibility of attaining leverage on both cultures, and thereby acquiring an intercultural communicative competence. With the coming of more chance for Chinese to interact with English native-speakers, a fund of knowledge about target culture can to a large extent, guarantee an effective intercultural communication. Therefore, arousing cultural awareness becomes an indispensable part in foreign language teaching and learning. In teaching cultural awareness, Ned Seelye provides a framework for facilitating the development of cross-cultural communication skills. The following goals are a modification of his seven goals of cultural instruction. 1) To help students to develop an understanding of the fact that all people exhibit culturally-conditioned behaviors. 2) To help students to develop an understanding of social variables such as age, sex, social class, and place of residence, the ways in which people speak and behavior. 3) To help students to become more aware of conventional behavior in common situations in the target language. 4) To help students to increase their awareness of the cultural connotations of words and phrases in the target language. 5) To help students to develop the ability to evaluate and refine generalizations about the target culture, in terms of supporting evidence. 6) To help students to develop the necessary skills to locate and organize information about the target culture. 7) To stimulate students intellectual curiosity about the target culture, and to encourage empathy towards its people. In integrating English culture awareness into teaching, there are two problems we need to consider, the first problem to be tackled is how to provide the cultural information needed. The point regarding this problem is that second-language teachers may attempt to teach culture when they are not equipped to do so through no fault of their own. The other point is that even if they know how to teach (through various techniques of presenting culture), without a definite knowledge of what to teach (the culture content), they can hardly incorporate various activities geared toward the culture objectives into their classes. For one thing, teachers need assistance in overcoming their lack of knowledge about the second culture; for another, in the preparation and selection of teaching materials, the culture content selected may sometimes be concentrated on the unusual, the bizarre and the exotic characteristics of the culture. In order to avoid confusion and misunderstanding, the teacher is a dvised to describe all aspects of the situation instead of treating the cultural phenomenon in isolation, and present culture content at a level or in a manner to which the students can attach some relationship between the information and their own background experiences. Even if teachers know what to teach and how to teach, there is still a problem concerning finding time in the class period to include culture. The class time is limited, so how much time should be spent teaching culture? Dwelling too much on culture is not only a waste of time but also of no help to the students. The second problem is that though most foreign language teachers do not deny the importance of teaching culture, few teachers actively test whether students are attaining their cultural goals. Teachers may incidentally attend to culture by inserting ideas during the class period and subsequently fail to check students comprehension of the context. Often students do not realize that the teacher is attempting to teach aspects of the second language culture. One of the reasons for this lack of awareness is that culture usually is not considered a fundamental component of the class content. If culture is to be an important goal in the second language class, it must be taught and tested systematically. Currently, the most practical approach to testing culture is to test the facts. Objective tests and essay tests may be used to test knowledge of facts and insight into cultural behavior. The problems mentioned above mean a lot to second language teachers and learners. Undertaking the teaching of culture is far from being simple. In accomplishing this task, the teacher has to be a generous knowledge imparter, an efficient time finder, an amiable activity designer, a protean actor and an assiduous learner as well. As for students, in the long run, they will benefit a lot from the culture learning experience that helps them become successful cross-cultural communicators. Undoubtedly, being a successful cross-cultural communicator is an exciting, enjoyable and enriching experience that will open the doors to both personal development and satisfaction. Therefore, the integration of English culture awareness into teaching in China means a demanding and challenging task both for English teachers and learners. 10. Developing Intercultural Understanding Cultural understanding is the main part of cultural studies. It demands a detailed analysis of cultures. The teaching of culture should lead students to experience directly through contact with native speakers and through developing some sorts of personal relationship with the target language community. In other words, culture understanding involves, besides the cognitive, a social and affective component. The main content of cultural understanding covers: 1) Understanding of daily life, including unfamiliar conventions, such as writing a check or reading a timetable. 2) Knowledge of cultural connotations of words and phrases. The students should indicate awareness that culturally conditioned images are associated with even the most common target words and phrase

Frosts Life as a Poet Essay -- essays research papers fc

Robert Frost’s Life as a Poet Robert Lee Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26 of 1974 and died in Boston, Massachusetts on January 29 of 1963. Though he did not truly start publishing poems until age thirty-nine, Frost obtained four Pulitzer prizes in his writing career and was deemed one of the greatest twentieth century poets. His pastoral writing and skilled use of meter and rhythm has captured the attention of reader’s and critics for decades (Academic American, 345). Frost was very fond of nature and the beauty of things around him and illustrated this in many of his poems. A reviewer stated that Frost was â€Å"always occupied with the complicated task of simply being sincere† (Faggen, I). This statement describes the writer well in the sense that Frost’s works are very full of emotion. His use of the English language and the fact that he often seemed to be holding a little something back in his writing has made him one of the most celebrated American writers ever. Frost’s early years in life were very adverse. Frost’s father, who named the boy after his idle Robert E. Lee, met his wife in Pennsylvania while they were both teaching at Bucknell Academy. William Prescott Frost Jr. and his wife Isabelle Moodie married and moved to San Francisco where Robert was born. William Frost was a Harvard graduate and was the city editor for the San Francisco Daily Evening Post. Frost’s family moved a good amount and his father, who had serious drinking problems, died of tuberculosis in 1885 and left his mother and younger sister with very little money after burial expenses. The Frost’s returned east to live with the paternal grandparents, but soon moved to Amherst, New Hampshire to stay with his great-aunt. Shortly after this the family returned to Lawrence, Mass. where Robert was placed in school as a third grader. Frost graduated here as co-valedictorian with Elinor White. Though he was moved often and had troubles with his fat her in his young life, Frost still maintained good grades and two years before he graduated Frost had â€Å"La Noche Triste† printed in the high school bulletin. This was his first printed poem. Two years later Frost graduated and read a speech titled â€Å"A Monument to After-Thought Unveiled† (Faggen, xi). This marked the end of Frost’s childhood and the beginning of his adulthood and the many decisions that came with it. After high... ...een a favorite of poetic intellects and every day readers for decades. His triumphs and defeats are immortalized in his writings and his great accomplishment will be seen in them for as long as his poems endure. Works Cited Arp, Thomas and Greg Johnson. Literature. New York: Perrine’s Literature, 2002. Braithwaite, William Stanley. â€Å"A Visit in Fanconia.† The Boston Post . 14 Feb. 1916. 25 March 2003 . Brunner, Edward and Nelson Cary. â€Å"On Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.† Online posting. 2000. Jeffery Meyers, Karen L. Kilcup. 26 March 2003 . Faggen, Robert. The Cambridge Companion to Robert Frost. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Jost, Walter. â€Å"Lessons in the Conversation That We Are: Robert Frost\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s \\\\\\\\\\\\\\"Death of the Hired Man.† College English. 58.4 (1996): 399. Pritchard, William H. Frost: A Literary Life Reconsidered. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. â€Å"Robert Frost† The Acedameic American Encyclopedia. 14th ed. 1994. Sergeant, Elizabeth. Robert Frost: The Trial by Existence. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Wagner, Linda W. Robert Frost: The Critical Reception. Michigan: Burt Franklin &Co., Inc., 1977. Winston, 1960.

Sustainable Transportation Policy In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change, or Global Warming, is one of the most serious environmental menaces of the twenty-first century. Harmonizing to NST article on Top 10 list Global Warming Cause, Carbon dioxide emanations from firing gasolene for transit responsible for approximately 33 % of emanations. With the population turning at an dismaying rate, the demand for more autos and consumer goods means that we are increasing the usage of fossil fuels for transit and fabrication. The jobs of nursery gas emanations and urban air quality are concentrating attending on sustainable conveyance. There are many definitions on sustainable transit. A sustainable conveyance system as defined by The Centre for Sustainable Transportation ( Gilbert and Tanguay, 2000 ) is as follows: Allows the basic entree and development demands of persons, companies and societies to be met safely and in a mode consistent with human and ecosystem, wellness, and promotes equity within and between consecutive coevalss. Is low-cost, operates reasonably and expeditiously, offers pick of conveyance manner, and supports a competitory economic system, every bit good as balanced regional development. Limits emanations and waste within the planet ‘s ability to absorb them, uses renewable resources at or below their rates of coevals, and uses non-renewable resources at or below the rates of development of renewable replacements while minimising the impact on the usage of land and the coevals of noise. How can transit go more sustainable? Harmonizing to The Center for Sustainable Transportation system it is defined as: With regard to society, transit systems should: Meet basic human demands for wellness, comfort, and convenience in ways that do non emphasize the societal cloth. Allow and support development at a human graduated table, and supply for a sensible pick of conveyance manners, types of lodging and community, and life manners. Produce no more noise than is acceptable by communities. Be safe for people and their belongings. With regard to the economic system, transit systems should: Provide cost-efficient service and capacity. Be financially low-cost in each coevals. Support vibrant, sustainable economic activity. With regard to the environment, transit systems should: Make usage of land in a manner that has little or no impact on the unity of ecosystems. Use meagerly energy beginnings that are basically non renewable or unlimited. Use other resources that are renewable or unlimited, achieved in portion through the reuse of points and the recycling of stuffs used in vehicles and substructure. Produce no more emanations and waste than can be accommodated by the planet ‘s renewing ability. Harmonizing to the Center for Sustainable Transportaion besides, there are several barriers to the attainment of sustainable transit. Four of the most of import are these: More than for most other countries of human enterprise, decision-making about transit by authoritiess, corporations, and persons has become locked into manners that reinforce the present unsustainable agreements and tendencies. There is a mentality that accomplishing sustainable transit is excessively dearly-won, hard, and will endanger our quality of life and life style. Combustion of low-priced oil provides more than 99 per cent of the energy for motorised transit and creates many of the environmental jobs that result from transit. Harnessing renewable options will be a major challenge. Mechanisms for placing betterments in sustainable transit, and circulating ensuing success narratives, and good tendencies are unequal. The attempt towards accomplishing sustainable conveyance includes technological betterments of autos and lorries, fuels and substructure. However, utilizing vehicles more expeditiously ( higher burden factor for lorries, and fewer individual tenancy private vehicles ) would be a good start towards a smarter usage of conveyance. Walking and cycling are the ‘greenest ‘ and most sustainable signifiers of conveyance. However, public conveyance is a cardinal option but it is non having the precedence which it should be. Transport becomes sustainable merely when it does non harm the environment or uses fuel from renewable beginnings such as air current and solar. In footings of human mobility, this means more usage of public conveyance ( including integrated mobility services ) , and non-motorised manners of conveyance like walking and cycling. For motion of goods, rail cargo is more fuel efficient than hauling. The public transit system in Klang Valley includes coachs, commuter Light Rail Transit ( LRT ) , monorail, coachs and taxis. Public conveyance riders are merely every bit inconsiderate as the drivers. Lining up is a practically unknown phenomenon is thwarting and clip consuming 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Whenever a auto is started, sitting idle or driving it is bring forthing emanations that are make fulling our ambiance. These emanations include nitrogen gas ( N2 ) , C dioxide ( CO2 ) , H2O vapor ( H2O ) , C monoxide ( CO ) , hydrocarbons or volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) , and N oxides ( NO and NO2, together called NOx ) . Bryant et al. 2008. Carbon dioxide represents about 80 per centum of the manmade nursery gases blamed for planetary heating. 15 % of the manmade C dioxide ( CO2 ) in the Earth ‘s ambiance comes from autos, trucks, aeroplanes, trains, and ships. The staying 85 % of atmospheric CO2 comes from industry, edifices and agribusiness. Current tendencies show atmospheric CO2 concentration would duplicate by the terminal of the century ( Jan Fuglestvedt 2008 ) Figure 1: Projected concentration degrees presuming go oning â€Å" concern as usual † behavior ( Beginning: University of Maryland ) Harmonizing ESMAP, Traffic congestion can impact human wellness due to pollution with high degrees of particulates, hydrocarbons, lead and NOx. there are three chief beginnings of particulate air pollution: vehicle fumes, re-suspended route dust, and solid fuels, The Federal Highway Administration has documented the degrees of these emanations and how much of each compound is produced by autos ( see Figure 2 ) . Air Pollutant Proportion from On route Motor Vehicles Note Oxides of Nitrogen ( NOx ) 34 % precursor to groundaˆ?level ozone ( smog ) , which amendss the respiratory system and injures workss Volatile Organic Compounds ( VOC ) 34 % precursor to groundaˆ?level ozone ( smog ) , which amendss the respiratory system and injures workss Carbon Monoxide ( CO ) 51 % contributes to smog production ; toxicant in high concentrations Particulate Matter ( PM10 ) 10 % does non include dust from paved and unpaved roads, which are the major beginning of particulate affair pollution ( 50 % of the sum ) Carbon Dioxide ( CO2 ) 33 % thought to be primary subscriber to planetary heating Figure 2: Transportation Air Quality: Selected Facts and Figures 2002. Sterba 2009 Harmonizing to analyze on Hybrid Cars ( Michael et. al 2010 ) , their higher monetary value bends consumers off and makes the vehicles a less attractive economic investing. Energy efficient treating techniques need to be developed before the advanced stuffs in loanblends can assist add to their clean image. Widespread alteration to progress intercrossed engineerings is non a executable option in the close hereafter because of both cost and the limited sum of loanblends on the route today. Overall, loanblend engineering has a batch of possible in the distant hereafter, but as for right now they are non a important betterment over today ‘s internal burning engine. It was recorded that from twelvemonth 2005 to twelvemonth 2009 there were about 42 million vehicles register in Malaysia as shown in Figure 3. Year Car enrollment Public vehicle Commercial Vehicles Entire Year 2005 6,473,261 136500 805157 7,414,918 Year 2006 6,941,996 142038 836579 7,920,613 Year 2007 7,419,643 147050 871234 8,437,927 Year 2008 7,966,525 154524 909243 9,030,292 Year 2009 8,506,080 162309 936222 9,604,611 Entire 37,307,505 742,421 4,358,435 42,408,361 Figure 3: No of vehicles in Malaysia by type To cover with the terrible traffic jobs in Malaysia particularly in Klang Valley the transit contrivers will hold to look to solutions such as utilizing public conveyance and presenting more environmental friendly vehicles. In the 10TH Malaysia Plan, a amount of RM2.8 billion is allocated for bettering urban public transit was chosen as one of six National Key Result Areas ( NKRAs ) , which are priority countries under the Government Transformation Programme. During the 10MP period, connectivity across different manners of public conveyance will be improved through the constitution of multi-modal transportation hubs for services within metropoliss, from suburban countries into metropoliss and for intercity travel. The Strategic Plan is a papers which determines the way of future transit system in Malaysia. Harmonizing to The strategic Plan of The Ministry of Transport ( 2008 – 2015 ) , development of conveyance substructure a seamless, integrated, sustainable and competitory to run into the aspirations states is emphasised. One of the program objective is to guarantee that environmental non contaminated by the land conveyance, air and maritime. TERAS 2 The scheme highlighted is to optimise new engineerings in conveyance by advancing the usage of environmentally friendly vehicles and supplying seamless transit system by bettering the park N drive installations at all Stationss of urban conveyance to run into the aim to beef up and supply world-class incorporate conveyance substructure. Park and Ride ( P & A ; R ) system are known as inducement parking system. This installations system consists of auto Parkss with connexions to public conveyance. The user will utilize public transit to go into metropolis and leave their forces vehicles in a auto park. P & A ; R system are by and large located in suburbs of metropolitan countries or on the outer borders of big metropoliss. Many states had utilizing this system such as United Kingdom, United State, Japan and Singapore. Park and Ride was foremost initiated in the United Kingdom ( UK ) in the sixtiess and seventiess that enjoy most success in metropoliss historic in nature and rather little capacity of commanding that balance to their inhibiting urban construction. In a scope of scenes across the UK, nevertheless, some of which really different in size and nature to the earlier host Centres, Park and Ride has later emerged as a major constituent of local conveyance policies. In Malaysia, the authorities starts utilizing Park and Ride system such as Kuala Lumpur, around Klang Valley and Putrajaya Harmonizing to CASE STUDY ON AWARENESS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF PARK AND RIDE AT PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA the consciousness degree for both Putrajaya citizens and visitants is non high plenty to make the mark of the Park and Ride system. This is because, about merely half of the people is utilizing the system while the remainder garbage to utilize the system and make non cognize to us the system. The understanding about the system need to be good explain to the both Putrajaya citizens and besides the visitants. Therefore, the user of Park and Ride may increase and many traffic jobs could cut down. Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Transport ( EST ) provide an illustration of how standards and marks can be linked to important environmental and wellness quality aims. These marks are long-run – specific intermediate marks and mileposts should be set to concentrate action. The quantitative mark degrees below are non normative and could be adapted harmonizing to national, regional or local fortunes. What is indispensable for the EST attack, is that mark degrees are set to accomplish environmental and wellness quality aims. Carbon dioxide Climate alteration is prevented by cut downing C dioxide emanations so that atmospheric concentrations of CO2are stabilised at or below their 1990 degrees. Consequently, entire emanations of CO2 from conveyance should non transcend 20 % to 50 % of such emanations in 1990 depending on specific national conditions. Nox Damage from ambient NO2and ozone degrees and N deposition is greatly reduced by meeting WHO Air Quality Guidelines for human wellness and eco-toxicity. This implies that entire emanations of NOxfrom conveyance should non transcend 10 % of such emanations in 1990. VOCs Damage from carcinogenic VOCs and ozone is greatly reduced by meeting WHO Air Quality Guidelines for human wellness and ecosystem protection. Entire emanations of transport-related VOCs should non transcend 10 % of such emanations in 1990 ( less for highly toxic VOCs ) .2 Particulates Harmful ambient air degrees are avoided by cut downing emanations of all right particulates ( particularly those less than 10 micrometers in diameter ) . Depending on local and regional conditions, this may imply a decrease of 55 % to 99 % of all right particulate ( PM10 ) emanations from conveyance, compared with 1990 degrees. Landuse/Landtake Land usage and substructure for the motion, care, and storage of conveyance vehicles is developed in such a manner that local and regional aims for air, H2O, eco-system and biodiversity protection are met. Compared to 1990 degrees, this will probably imply the Restoration and enlargement of green infinites in built-up countries. Noise Noise from conveyance no longer consequences in out-of-door noise degrees that present a wellness concern or serious nuisance. Depending on local and regional conditions, this may imply a decrease of conveyance noise to no more than a upper limit of 55 dubnium ( A ) during the twenty-four hours and 45 dubnium ( A ) at dark and out-of-doorss. Minister of Transport Malaysia in his address reference that â€Å" The conveyance sector has now entered the new epoch of a more ambitious and requires a high committedness from all sides. It is now requires a manner of conveyance and more incorporate services and quality system. In add-on environmental facets should besides be given accent in the planning of all undertakings for the Ministry of guarantee sustainable development. † ( Message from DATUK ONG TEE KEAT, Minister of Transport Malaysia ) 3.0 METHODOLOGY This is Life Cycle Analysis academic composing which needs a batch of diaries and article readings, cyberspace surfboarding and cognition. Some articles were from Ministry of Transport, 10th Malaysia Plan and Malayan Strategic Planning to guarantee that suggestion proposed relevant to the way of Malaysia development ( Dasar Pembangunan Negara ) . However, more elaborate surveies should be done to acquire thoughts that can lend to accomplishing the ends. 4.0 Discussion What are the holistic attack toward sustainable transit policy in Malaysia? Several schemes can be developed such as:1. Develop of national transit schemeTransportation system webs are an of import piece of the communications substructure of a state. We are wholly dependent on our transit webs to travel goods and people throughout the state. A national transit scheme such as highlighted in The Strategic Plan would assist Malaysia make a sustainable transit policy. More schemes must emphasis on green engineering.2. Enhance national public transit schemeIn order to cut down the figure of private autos on the route, the authorities must be after their short term and long term schemes for public transit. Peoples must be encouraged to take public conveyance for the motion of goods and people. Long term schemes need to be after on how people can travel about in the hereafter by utilizing public conveyance as a precedence and make the finish faster, convenient and comfy. The Malayan authorities has stated a end to hold 40 % of the population utilizing public transit in the hereafter. Unfortunately, at a interim we have limited picks for safe, convenient, dependable public transit. For illustration, we have a really limited train to go from North to South. Road accidents which involved express coach are frequently happen in the state. Therefore, task force group which include expertness from relevant field must be formed. This group will come out with the national public transit schemes and besides to advice the stakeholders on how to accomplish the mission3. National public transit sectionPublic transit should non be run as a profitable concern. It must be look as a pick of transit that people can take. Minimum menu should be charge to the people. More subsidies must be given to this section. Peoples will certainly utilize public conveyance if it is convenient and comfy with the low menu. It is clip for the authorities to upgrade the public transit to the first category installations by turn uping more money in this department.Research and development unit must besides organize in this section. This unit will ever make research on new engineerings to upgrade the transit systems or conveyance which environmental friendly like was done in Seoul as an Earth friendly transit metropolis.4. Expanded national railroad webRailway engineering is still the most efficient manner to travel goods and people. Successful rail webs in Europe, Japan, India, China, Taiwan, and shortly in Argentina, show us that the motion of riders by rail is faster, easier, and better than auto or air travel. Thankss to the English Channel Tunnel and the Eurostar High Speed Train, London and Paris are now two hours apart by train. Trains travel more people, avoid congestion on the roads, usage less energy, and are far more appealing than planes or autos. A state like Malaysia should hold a dependable railroad transit web for cargo every bit good as a fast rider railroad web linking all major metropoliss. High Speed rail connexions between Kuala Lumpur and neighbouring capital metropoliss must be explored. Therefore, the full double-tracking and electrification of all rail lines within Malaysia is necessary. In add-on, ternary trailing and the building of extra rail lines should be considered.5. Regional/local public transit authorizationAs we can see in the urban country, there is a more than one public transit company. for illustration in Klang vale, Rapid KL and XXX are the celebrated coach companies. It is suppose to be merely one authorization which responsible for the planning, ordinance and inadvertence of public transit. This local authorization has the responsibility to command the coach systems so that it operates under an effectual an efficient system. This would extinguish unneeded and uneconomical competition and promote stableness and dependability in public transit. 6. Additional, secure support for regional/local public transit Public transit service is of import substructure. It should non be operated like a concern. There should be no ground why a coach company should even seek to run a sustainable concern. All first public transit services do non do money. They in fact lose money, and their extra costs are borne by a combination of authorities financess, bonds, and extra investings. The best manner to construct stable, dependable public transit substructure is to fund it decently and fund it early on. This means capital investing and regular operations subsidies are necessary. No universe category transit bureau should even be trying to retrieve 50 % o more of their grosss from menus paid by riders. Alternatively, they should be having money from public and private investing. Presently the province authorities of Terengganu is be aftering the debut of Rapid Terengganu, a state-level coach service. While any bus service betterments are good intelligence, this intelligence is even better because it shows that the province authorities is committed to bettering public transit through authorities regulated service. One little point, nevertheless. The name â€Å" Rapid † is overused, and possibly should be limited to large metropoliss merely. A state-level service should hold an appropriate name that reflects the service being offered, non a selling tool. I personally like â€Å" Bas Negeri Terengganu † and I think the acronym â€Å" Bantu † ( for â€Å" Bas Negeri Terengganu † ) would be a really appropriate as the word â€Å" Bantu † reflects the constructs of assisting and back uping each other. 7. Expanded KTM Komuter Service We have to gain that KTM Komuter has the lowest costs and greatest potency for enlargement among all manners of transit. An expanded KTM Komuter service ( that means, higher frequences, longer trains, faster trains, and more lines ) would promote people to utilize rapid theodolite. It merely costs excessively much to construct adequate LRT lines to do a difference in the transit substructure in the Klang Valley. KTM Komuter enlargement programs include new webs in the North and South, extensions from Sentul to Batu Caves, Rasa to Tanjung Malim, and Seremban to Senawang. A program is afoot to reconstruct more than a twelve damaged electric-multiple unit ( EMU ) trains, which would let higher frequence and more dependable service. The authorities must perpetrate to a existent enlargement of KTM Komuter service, intending more lines, adequate trains for five minute frequences, and dependable service. 8. More urban mass-transit lines LRT and mass theodolite should be built in urban countries, instead than suburban or rural countries. The cost of building is increasing daily, and this is why the authorities should be perpetrating to construct lines in urban countries, non suburban or rural countries. There is no ground, for illustration, to construct an LRT from Kuala Lumpur to Klang, when Kuala Lumpur itself still needs at least four more LRT lines ( in add-on to the new Kota Damansara-Cheras line ) . Urban countries need mass theodolite. Urban countries have huge Numberss of people and they have the population denseness to do mass-transit cost effectual. Suburban countries do non necessitate mass theodolite such as LRT lines. They truly need enhanced, frequent and dependable coach service to travel the huge Numberss of people spread out over a broad country. The planned Kota Damansara-Cheras LRT line will go through Kuala Lumpur. The Sentul-Batu Caves extension will alter transit in the northern countries of Kuala Lumpur. However, extra lines are needed in Kuala Lumpur to make the nucleus of a mass-transit web. The authorities should be constructing in urban countries, non the suburban countries. Extensions are for the hereafter. The nucleus of the mass-transit web demands to be built now. 9. Promoting Park and Ride The authorities should implement the user of Park and Ridein urban country. But before that the quality of service of Park and Ride system demand to be improved where more frequent service of the coachs to bring the people from one point to another. Besides improve the service, other schemes to increase the figure of coach user is provide adequate information to the client. Kiosk and information Centre is suited to advise the information about Park and Ride system to the people. Selling and publicity such as image advertisement, new occupant publicity and menu inducements may besides impact the figure of bus user.Malaysians seem to hold an compulsion with LRT and a misinterpretation of traffic congestion. We besides think that traffic jobs can be solved with monolithic undertakings instead than simple solutions. I wo n't tire you with the inside informations of why.LRT is a mass-transit, and it is dearly-won. As stated before, there is no possible manner to construct all of the LRT l ines that are needed to make speedy, dependable, convenient public transit. This means that other rapid theodolite options must be explored. Alternate signifiers of rapid theodolite include rapid ropewaies, and coach rapid theodolite. Even simple things like traffic signal precedence, coach lanes, and traffic monitoring cameras will do a immense difference.Sadly, the bulk of people in Malaysia still cleaving to the belief that traffic visible radiations, reduced figure of lanes, and roundabouts contribute to traffic congestion. The truth is that traffic congestion is caused by holding excessively many autos on the route at the same clip. Fewer autos equal lower congestion.There is hope that the reaching of local public transit governments will do a large difference, spread outing and heightening public transit. Extremist thoughts need to be implemented to cut down the figure of autos on the route. Bus lanes are merely a start but they are easy to implement. Bus Rapid Transit would b e the following measure.A dependable Bus Rapid Transit service running along major roads like Jalan Puchong, Jalan Klang Lama, the Federal Highway, Jalan Ipoh, Jalan Kepong, and others, would besides assist. The authorities must denote a program to put in tram lines, non merely extra LRT lines.10. Decrease in gasoline subsidy and inducements to promote the usage of public transitPetrol subsidies may do the lives of some people easier, but economic sciences say that anytime you fix the monetary value of an point below its natural monetary value, demand will increase and this will finally ensue in deficits of the merchandise. We have seen this happen in Malaysia with cooking oil, sugar, and Diesel fuel. Petrol and wheat may be the following points confronting deficits.The monetary value of gasoline in Malaysia is low ( compared to universe markets ) . Malaysians are driving more and demanding more gasoline. The supply is less and less dependable. Any instability is paid through revenu e enhancements and authorities financess.Other states such as Indonesia ( 2005 ) and Myanmar ( 2007 ) have seen immense additions in the monetary value of fuel after the authorities could no longer afford the subsidies.One manner to cut down the demand for gasoline is to cut down the subsidy ( thereby raising the monetary value at the pumps ) and directing that money into enhanced public conveyance service. The authorities needs to accept that this determination, though unpopular at first, will be in the best involvements of the people.To do their point clear, the authorities should cut down the gasoline subsidy by an sum of RM0.08 per liter, which would take to an increased pump monetary value of RM2.00 per liter. An 8 sen addition in the monetary value of gasoline ( after the election, of class ) would be much easier to accept than a 60 sen hiking in 2 to 3 old ages clip. The authorities should apportion the financess saved towards bettering and heightening public transit.There ar e many simple things that the authorities can make to heighten public transit across the state, and these can be implemented rapidly. An expanded Touch ‘N ‘ Go service, subsidies for coach operations, revenue enhancement inducements on the purchase of monthly theodolite base on ballss, and investing in support of public conveyance governments would do a immense difference for Malaysia.DrumheadThe proposals here are comparatively uninteresting and less glamourous than new LRT lines or monorails in every metropolis that asks for one. The fact is that public transit can be interesting and glamourous and inspiring. However, before that can all go on, there must be alterations in the attitude of the authorities and the people.It is good to believe that improved public transit is portion of the solution to traffic congestion in Malaysia. However, many people do non talk out and demand better public transit, and do non really intend to utilize the improved public transit.They a re losing the point. We can merely hold inspiring, glamourous, interesting and effectual public transit if there are alterations at the authorities degree. Once the authorities makes the necessary alterations, creates a national public transit scheme and a National Public Transportation Department, so we will eventually be on path to a great hereafter.a regular user of public conveyance, is profoundly concerned that authorities programs to promote the usage of public conveyance will finally neglect because of hapless planning and deficiency of support from the populace. 5.0 Decision Guaranting advancement towards sustainable development suppose to be a precedence of the Malayan authorities. Transport is a peculiarly ambitious sector. It is indispensable to modern life, but has many inauspicious effects on wellness and environment. Most transport tendencies are unsustainable. More attempt must be put on to develop public conveyance because survey found that utilizing public conveyance can minimise the environmental pollution and impact of wellness to homo. Although there is a batch of bad intelligence -A the good intelligence is it ‘s non excessively late! We can implement solutions, but we need to move fast and we need our authorities to take the lead.A

Indiana Jones Knowledge Issues Essays

Indiana Jones Knowledge Issues Essays Indiana Jones Knowledge Issues Paper Indiana Jones Knowledge Issues Paper How did Indiana Jones and his father, Dr. Henry Jones Sr. , differ in their ways of accumulating knowledge in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade? Both Indiana Jones, Indy, and his father Dr. Henry Jones Sr. , have one common goal of finding the ultimate truth and in this case that being the Holy Grail. Though both have the same objective in mind, they approach this objective in two different ways. Indy uses reason, logic, and emotion while his father uses faith and emotion. Indy represents the new, modern scientific portion of society while this father still reverts to the old methods of faith and emotion. Throughout the movie, Indy uses reason to justify his actions which changes when his father is kidnapped which then adds emotion to the equation. The knowledge that both Indy and his father are trying to attain is the location of the Holy Grail. Indys father is very religious and has been throughout his lifetime whereas Indy has modernized and become one that uses his own reasoning to rationalize his expeditions. Indiana Jones approaches finding truth throughout the movie different to that of his father. In the first scene of the movie, Indy is seen trying to play hero as he steals the Cross of Coronado from grave robbers since he believed this special artifact should be in a museum. After stealing this he runs straight home to his father who instead of giving time to Indy, continues his religious research. The grave robbers tell the police that Indy is the thief therefore Indy must return the Cross of Coronado to the grave robbers. , Indy is on the boat that holds the Cross of Coronado and wins it back in a big storm. He then donates the Cross of Coronado to his friends museum, Marcus Brody. Indys perseverance is driven by his reason and logic in this instant. He truly believes that since the Cross of Coronado is an ancient artifact, it should belong to society thus be put in a museum for everyone to own/see. He fights the grave robbers for this because his reasoning and logic allows him to become emotional about finding the truth, in case which is the Cross of Coronado. Later on in the book, Indiana Jones is told his father disappeared therefore his emotion forces him to go on a quest to find his father. His emotion coupled with logic and reason leads him to his fathers location. Indys logic is shown as he reads his fathers diary which helps Indy guide himself to his father. His emotion is clearly illuminated when he invades the Nazi rally to capture his father instead of devising a plan that would provide more safety for both he and his father. Towards the very end of the movie, Indiana Jones must combine faith and emotion to save his father. This is exhibited when Walter Donovan shoots his father, therefore forcing Indy to retrieve the Holy Grail in order to save his father. Once of the obstacles that Indy must overcome in order to reach the Holy Grail is walking on an invisible bridge, which tests his faith. After he saves his father, Indy again shows his reason and logic as instead of reaching for the Holy Grail and risking his own life, he lets the Holy Grail go and saves himself along with his father and Marcus Brody. Indiana Jones exhibits reason, logic, and faith when achieving and attaining truth which in the movie is the Cross of Coronado and the Holy Grail. Indys father on the other hand, is a firm believer in faith therefore uses faith and emotion to achieve the truth in relation to him. In the beginning of the movie, Dr. Jones Sr. s faith is demonstrated when Indy come to show his father the Cross of Coronado and his father will not speak to Indy because he is drawing religious figures and symbols in his diary which is his main source of knowledge for the rest of the movie. This scene where Dr. Jones Sr. is drawing religious symbols in his diary shows his devotion to faith and scholarly personality. Once Indy searches for his father, the diary serves as the most important tool because it contains a map with which Indy finds his father and then also contains the three secrets to finding the Holy Grail. Dr. Jones Sr. s primary reason for finding the Holy Grail was based on his religious faith. The intelligence of Indys father is solely based on his religious faith which is then communicated in his diary. Another major way of knowing that Indys father uses is language, may it be images, symbols, and words, which is shown in his diary. He combines his faith and language to create a diary with the answers that Indiana Jones needs to find his father and the Holy Grail. The emotion of Dr. Jones Sr. enters the movie when he is held hostage by the Nazis. His hatred of the Nazis makes him want to find the Holy Grail faster before the Nazis. He couples his emotion with faith in order to guide his son to finding the Holy Grail and saving his life. The differing ways in accumulating the truth for Indiana Jones and his father exhibit the idea that one can come to the same conclusion while taking different paths. Dr. Jones Sr. took the conventional path to finding the Holy Grail while Indiana Jones took the new innovative way of thinking to find the Holy Grail in addition to his fathers guidance.

Comparison of substituted phenol degrading bacterial communities in different activated sludge plants The WritePass Journal

Comparison of substituted phenol degrading bacterial communities in different activated sludge plants Introduction Comparison of substituted phenol degrading bacterial communities in different activated sludge plants IntroductionRegulation of chemicalsBiodegradation of phenols ReferencesRelated Introduction Organic pollutants are chemicals that are hazardous to human health. Most of them are extremely toxic at very low concentrations, persistent, can be transported over long range as air pollutants, bio-accumulate in human and animal tissue, and biomagnify in food chain. Phenol and its derivatives are tox Organic pollutants are chemicals that are hazardous to human health. Most of them are extremely toxic at very low concentrations, persistent, can be transported over long range as air pollutants, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, and biomagnify in food chain. Phenol and its derivatives are toxic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants that have a hydroxyl group attached to their benzene ring structure. They have been used extensively for a number of industrial processes such as in the production of resins, coke, manufacturing plastics, colour, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, coal mines, steel and in aluminum industries. Phenol is also released from natural sources during the decay of lignocellulistic materials, from tannins and amino acid precursors (Abu-El-Haleem et al., 2003). These accounts for its increasing concentrations in the environment as wastewaters from these industries are not properly treated before discharge. It is classed as a priority compound (EPA, 2009) because of its toxicity at very low concentrations and possible accumlation in the environment   (Shokoohi et al., 2006). Concentrations of about 1 mg are known to be toxic to some species of aquatic organisms and even lower concentrations cause problems of taste and odour in dri nking water (Nair, 2008). Organic pollutants are chemicals that are hazardous to human health. Most of them are extremely toxic at very low concentrations, persistent, can be transported over long range as air pollutants, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, and biomagnify in food chain. Phenol and its derivatives are toxic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants that have a hydroxyl group attached to their benzene ring structure. They have been used extensively for a number of industrial processes such as in the production of resins, coke, manufacturing plastics, colour, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, coal mines, steel and in aluminum industries. Phenol is also released from natural sources during the decay of lignocellulistic materials, from tannins and amino acid precursors (Abu-El-Haleem et al., 2003). These accounts for its increasing concentrations in the environment as wastewaters from these industries are not properly treated before discharge. It is classed as a priority compound (EPA, 2009) because of its toxicity at very low concentrations and possible accumlation in the environment   (Shokoohi et al., 2006). Concentrations of about 1 mg are known to be toxic to some species of aquatic organisms and even lower concentrations cause problems of taste and odour in dri nking water (Nair, 2008). ic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants that have a hydroxyl group attached to their benzene ring structure. They have been used extensively for a number of industrial processes such as in the production of resins, coke, manufacturing plastics, colour, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, coal mines, steel and in aluminum industries. Phenol is also released from natural sources during the decay of lignocellulistic materials, from tannins and amino acid precursors (Abu-El-Haleem et al., 2003). These accounts for its increasing concentrations in the environment as wastewaters from these industries are not properly treated before discharge. It is classed as a priority compound (EPA, 2009) because of its toxicity at very low concentrations and possible accumlation in the environment   (Shokoohi et al., 2006). Concentrations of about 1 mg are known to be toxic to some species of aquatic organisms and even lower concentrations cause problems of taste and odour in drinking water (Nair, 2008). Various methods have been employed in the treatment of phenol in industrial wastewater. They include chemical oxidation, solvent extraction, adsorption, and incineration. The high cost for treatment and the increased potential of forming even more persistent and hazardous by-products are the major   problems associated with using these methods (Loh et al., 2000). Biological processes remains a safer means of removing phenol from wastewater because of the complete minieralization of the compound (Movahedyan, et al., 2009). It is also cost effective in that those organism that can degrade phenol also utilize it as a carbon and energy source. Certain microorganisms capable of degrading phenol in wastewater are inhibited by high concentrations as a result, the rate of degradation is low (Abu-El-Haleem et al., 2003). The role of bacterial communities in the success of most bioremediation activity has led to the increased phenotypic and genetic analysis of communities to find common or wide-spread degraders. In other to optimize suitable conditions necessary for biodegradation of phenols, identification of microorganisms from natural environment endowed with this capacity is required. Conventional culture based methods are time consuming, very low in sensitivity and can only be used in isolating 1% of the total environmental samples (Movahedyan, et al., 2009). Some researchers have suggested that enrichment methods be applied to mixed microbial populations in order to increase the activity of the cells to degrade phenol (Yang and Lee, 2007). Although the effectiveness of culture dependent methods have been debated, they are still indispensible when detailed analysis of bacterial group is required (Watanabe et al., 1998). Molecular tools such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis ARDRA, Terminal-Restriction fragment length ploymorphism (T-RFLP) have been applied recently to study changes observed in microbial communities as a result of   pressures within an enrichment process. (Watanabe, 1998; Yand and Lee, 2007). The advantage of these molecular methods is that they have higher specificity and sensitivity, less time consuming, and larger population of organisms are observed at once (Movahedyan, et al., 2009). Add project aim Aim and Objectives The aim of this research is to identify and compare the phenol degrading capacity of bacterial communities from different activated sludge plants. Objectives To determine the common bacterial communities (and their relative abundance) capable of degrading phenol from the different activated sludge. To evaluate the effect of temperature on the variability of the bacterial communities and phenol degradation. To determine the effect of   immigration on the structure of bacterial communities. To ascertain the effect of inocula enrichment on variability within the bacterial community. Regulation of chemicals Regulation of chemicals became more prominent in the 1960’s with the global realization that chemicals can cause irreversible harm to human health and the environment. In determining the effect a chemical has on the environment, it is necessary to assess the chemical’s fate in the environment, in particular, its persistence and bioaccumulation potential. These assessments are done by laboratory testing (Goodhead, 2009). A number of laboratory standard methods, such as the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO standards), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) testing guidelines, and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have been developed to assess the biodegradability of chemicals. These tests are used to predict the effect of biodegradation on the fate and transport of these chemicals in the environment (Paixao et al, 2006). The OECD guideline is the most widely accepted guidance document for the testing of chemicals. It provides guidelines for determining the fate and effect of a chemical in the environment and the probability of the chemical to undergo degradation in the environment. These testing procedures consist of a series of standardized tests starting with the screening of chemicals to determine their degradability. The first part of these tests is the screening test also called the ready biodegradability test. In RBTs, the test substance serves as the sole carbon source, which is diluted in a medium containing a relatively low concentration of biomass, incubated at 300C for 28 days. This is to allow for sufficient time for the organisms to adapt to the test chemical (OECD, 1993). The different methods in the OECD guidelines for testing chemicals are shown in table 2. Table 1: OECD standardised tests for biological degradation using typical sewage inocula In ready biodegradability tests, the basic factors which affect the reliability of the results are the inoculum, the source of the microorganisms for the test, and its state of acclimatization and adaptation (Paixao et al., 2006). Although issues such as inoculum pre-treatment have been addressed in a number of studies carried out by Vazquez-Rodriquez et al. (2007), Goodhead (2009) and Paixao, et al (2006), an important factor that has not been studied so much is the incubation temperature. Currently, RBTs are carried out at 30oC; this also might have its own effect on the variability of the bacterial community involved in the biodegradation process. It is common knowledge that temperature slows down the rates of chemical and biological reactions in living organisms. Changes in temperature affect the composition of the bacterial population (Erdal and Randall, 2002) and may also affect the efficiency and kinetics of the degradation process. Biodegradation of phenols Microbial degradation is the most dominant elimination mechanism of organics from the environment. Persistence of xenobiotics represents a real risk for ecosystems as well as for human beings. Therefore, the knowledge of the biodegradability of these xenobiotics is one of the most important aspects of understanding their behaviour in the natural environment and during the biological treatment of wastewater To date, a number of phenol-degrading bacteria have been isolated, and their phenol degradative pathways have been studied. Aerobic degradation of a phenolic compound is known to be initiated by its hydroxylation to form corresponding catechols (Harayama et al. 1992). This step is catalyzed by phenol hydroxylase (phenol 2- monooxygenase, EC 1.14.13.7), which is considered to be the rate-limiting step in the degradative pathway (Hino et al. 1998). Two types of bacterial phenol hydroxylases, the single-component type and multicomponent type, are known; among them, multicomponent phenol hydroxylase (mPH) is considered to be the major enzyme in the natural environment (Peters et al. 1997; Watanabe et al. 1998; Futamata et al. 2001). Several genes coding for mPHs have been cloned and sequenced from phenol-degrading bacteria (Table 1). All these mPHs are similar in their enzyme structure; they comprise six subunits, among which the catabolic site exists within the largest subunit (approx. 60 kD). Some of these enzymes have been found to exhibit different substrate specificity for substituted phenols (Teramoto et al. 1999). To date, a number of phenol-degrading bacteria have been isolated, and their phenol degradative pathways have been studied. Aerobic degradation of a phenolic compound is known to be initiated by its hydroxylation to form corresponding catechols (Harayama et al. 1992). This step is catalyzed by phenol hydroxylase (phenol 2- monooxygenase, EC 1.14.13.7), which is considered to be the rate-limiting step in the degradative pathway (Hino et al. 1998). Two types of bacterial phenol hydroxylases, the single-component type and multicomponent type, are known; among them, multicomponent phenol hydroxylase (mPH) is considered to be the major enzyme in the natural environment (Peters et al. 1997; Watanabe et al. 1998; Futamata et al. 2001). Several genes coding for mPHs have been cloned and sequenced from phenol-degrading bacteria (Table 1). All these mPHs are similar in their enzyme structure; they comprise six subunits, among which the catabolic site exists within the largest subunit (approx. 60 kD). Some of these enzymes have been found to exhibit different substrate specificity for substituted phenols (Teramoto et al. 1999). (Watanabe, 2002) Microbial degradation is the most dominant elimination mechanism of organics from the environment. Persistence of xenobiotics represents a real risk for ecosystems as well as for human beings. Therefore, the knowledge of the biodegradability of these xenobiotics is one of the most important aspects of understanding their behavior in the natural environment and during the biological treatment of wastewater. References EPA, (2009). National Recommended Water Quality Criteria. Office of Water (4304T) United States   Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. pp 4-17. http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/waterquality/standards/current/upload/nrwqc-2009.pdf Accessed on: 14th March 2011. Erdal, U. G. and Randall, C. W. (2002). The effects of temperature on system performance and bacterial community structure in EBPR systems. Enviro 2002/IWA 2nd World Water Congress, Melbourne, Australia. Goodhead A. K. (2009). Towards Rational Risk Assessment: Improving biodegradation Tests through an Understanding of Microbial Diversity Loh, K. C., Chung, T. S., and Ang, W. F. (2000). Immobilized-cell membrane bioreactor for high-strength phenol wastewater. J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE, 126 (1),75-79. Nair, C. I., Jayachandran, K., and Shashidhar, S. (2008). Biodegradation of Phenol. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 7 (25): 4951-4958. academicjournals.org/AJB Accessed on: 11th March, 2011. Paixaà µ, S. M.,   Sgua, M. C., Tenreiro, R., Anselmo, A. M. (2006). Biodegradability Testing Using Standardized Microbial Communities as Inoculum. Environmental toxicology. 21(2): 131-140. Sloan WT, Lunn, M., Woodcock, S., Head, I., Nee, S. and Curtis, T. P. 2006) Quantifying the roles of immigration and chance in shaping prokaryote community structure. Environ Microbiol 8:732–740. Watanabe, K., Teramoto, M., Futamata, H., and Harayama, S. (1998). Molecular detection, isolation, and physiological characterization of functionally dominant phenol-degrading bacteria in activated sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Vol. 64, 4396-4402

Strateget management Reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strateget management Reflection - Assignment Example Needless to say, it is something every company executive must keep in mind in running their business. Quite frankly though, this is a bit of a no-brainer for me; I have been raised from birth to be responsible in all aspects of life, so strategic management isn’t something I am incapable of. While it is true that different people may have varying degrees of success in this regard, this will still help any business no matter what field. Case in point: all big name companies that we have known, regardless of whether they were forced to declare bankruptcy, were able to pull this off somehow else they would never have gotten off the ground. Most of us, even non-business majors, no doubt already know this. This being the case, it becomes even more important to learn this skill which will spell the difference between success and failure in our careers. In particular, three steps are most important in my opinion – scanning both the external (knowing one’s surroundings) and internal (knowing oneself) environments, as well as the competition (knowing the enemy), which will be the focus of this paper. As I heard somewhere before, only by knowing both oneself and the enemy (or in this case, competition) can success be guaranteed. According to Elisabeth Chapus et al (2010), environmental scanning, both internal and external, is meant to aid managers in making decisions and to respond adequately to weak signals coming from the environment. Coming up with plans usually entails taking into account the current situation, and strategic management is no exception. However, unlike normal planning that focuses mainly on thinking of the future, strategic management emphasizes good decision-making in order to achieve a desirable future (Craig Dobbins, 2010). To this end, managers must be able to make educated guesses about the future based on what they see now, achieving a fit in terms of how the company can

EU Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

EU Economy - Essay Example ..5 4.2 Pillar 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 5.0 Past Reforms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 5.1 CAP Expenditure and CAP Reform Path†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 6.0 Various Perspectives on Proposed Reforms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 6.1 Farmers View point†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 6.2 NGOs Perspective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 6.3 Research Institutes and Experts’ Opinions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 7.0 Does the CAP Defy Trade Theory?........................................................9 8.0 Ricardo's Comparative Advantage Theory and the CAP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 9.0 Heckscher and Ohlin Theory and the CAP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 10.0 Ground for Choices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 11.0 Guiding Principles for Reforms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 11.1 Global Food Security†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 11.2 Environment Initiatives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ... Initially, during ‘60s, it was formulated to increase the agricultural production and achieve food security. Since then much has changed at the global level and the world has progressed to trading in a tariff-free regime under the auspices of World Trade Organization. It has been agreed that resources are scarce and must be harnessed efficiently to enhance economic wealth of the nations within EU. The existing CAP within EU with direct payments on per hectare basis does not make any sense. The agricultural subsidies cost huge proportion of the EU budget. Providing export subsidies to produce surplus to dump it in the international market at the cost of developing countries, especially poor African countries, defy the basic probity and economic sense. Sweeping reforms are needed that can take care of environmental issues, climate mitigation, reduce water pollution, support efficient farming and rural development, provide fair international competition and encourage innovation in agriculture increasing productivity levels. Introduction This policy paper is for the attention of the Agricultural Commissioner, EU and is designed to explore whether the CAP should be reformed, and if so then in what way it should be modified to address the current issues. The paper is structured around understanding existing CAP and its relevance in reference to various economic theories that economists have proposed in last few decades to enhance the global wealth. It will look into various perspectives on proposed reforms and the available choices to address environmental issues. The paper finally provides concrete recommendations on the future CAP. Historical Account The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) had its modest beginning in 1962. Since