An Analysis of UKs and Chinas pharmaceutical markets

The Complexity of Management - Essay Example Note that these occasions can't be explicitly forestalled, as most cases come up as unforeseen (Cummings, 2004). In accordance with this sort of intricacy's capricious nature, the results inferred burden struggle between the association and its partners, and frustrates the firm from accomplishing its corporate objectives. A straightforward issue can grow into an emergency if not appropriately oversaw, one of which can unfavorably influence the association and its activities (Bhave and Narendra, 2000). Unpredictability as Crisis Complexities as emergencies are typically realized by dangers, regardless of whether these have been recognized by the firm or not. From a corporate point of view, the weakness is that these dangers, paying little mind to its cultural, financial, physical, or innovative nature, has the chance of developing into a progressively refined and confounded structure (Bhave and Narendra, 2000).Such a reason is upheld by circumstances wherein the results of dangers wou ld not just impact a particular part of the business, because of the interrelated idea of business wherein one little detail can influence the entire tasks all in all. From this point of view, one can take note of that the impact of dangers can either be immediate or orderly, wherein the two situations present a danger to the association's business (Alavi and Leidner, 2001). The omnipresent idea of dangers in firms suggest the requirement for associations to utilize critical thinking approaches that are creative, as this would fill in as their guide in distinguishing the idea of the issue and rapidly apply the best and useful arrangement. In tending to emergency, arrangements must not be applied to fix issues incidentally, as the idea of key dynamic respects the requirement for arrangements that would deliver a drawn out suggestion. In emergencies occasions, an organization can either pay sometime. In any case, an emergency can't be quickly explained by an ideal layout intended to f ix situational occasions (Choo, 2006). In each emergency lie outer and inner elements that must be thought of, as each are touchy to the earth and the current circumstance. The assessment and execution procedure of effective measures are additionally coupled by dangers, which is the reason moderation methodologies must be deliberately defined. Note that openness is of the utmost importance in each emergency circumstance, as an open and constant correspondence with partners embodies straightforwardness and urges trust among the partners (Cummings, 2004). Through setting up trust and straightforwardness, the association would be prepared the capacity to successfully complete their moderating measures to address and deal with the emergency (Gioia and Chittipeddi, 2006). The Case of Johnson and Johnson: The Tylenol Crisis The scientist has picked the idea of multifaceted nature in corporate associations, especially Johnsons and Johnsons, with respect to the prestigious emergency concern ing Tylenol. In that light, the focal point of the investigation is the use of Crisis Management (Rehak, 2002). The analyst intends to deconstruct the Tylenol emergency, with respect to how Johnsons and Johnsons settled the issue as far as Planning, Leading, Organizing and Controlling on a Management Perspective. The center issue of Johnson and Johnson established from the spiked Tylenol items, wherein the issue has bothered and arrived at a national level because of the worries of influenced partners (Rudolph, 2000). The occurrence happened in October

It’s Better to Have Loved Then Lost Than Never Love at All Essay

Alfred, Lord Tennyson once said â€Å"Tis better to have adored and lost than never to have cherished at all†, and I concur. I believe being enamored is a piece of the excursion of life and a generally excellent encounter to have, one would lament for not having experience that. Being infatuated likewise makes you a superior individual, more joyful and more enthusiasm about existence and it’s perhaps the best inclination anybody can have. In spite of the fact that losing costs a ton of torment, one can likewise gain from that and receive something in return toward the finish of connections and learn upon that. One just gets one possibility at life so it ought to be a real existence where one can encounter all aspects of the excursion. Love is an immense piece of that experience. On the off chance that one never cherished, at that point they will be missing perhaps the greatest excursions of life and would later in their life think twice about it. Likewise, in the event that one never experience love one wouldn’t comprehend what that is, so they can’t choose for themselves in the event that it was justified, despite all the trouble for them or not. The primary character in â€Å"the long stroll to forever†, Newt, is a case of somebody who makes a decent attempt to encounter this excursion. At the point when he previously appeared, he wasn’t sure that it would turned out how he needed, however regardless of that reality he despite everything disclosed to Catharine his sentiments towards her. He proceeded to converse with her since he doesn’t need to lament for not making any move of what could be perhaps the best thing in his life. At long last, he found that she cherished him as well, a hazard worth taking. Being infatuated changes the way one see things on the planet. It causes everything to appear to be more pleasant, more joyful and better. Being infatuated will likewise makes you need to be a superior individual, for the joy they get they would likewise attempt to communicate it to others too. One would likewise do things harder, be progressively energetic and more stimulated in all that they do. In the film Benjamin button, after Daisy broke her leg and wouldn’t have the option to move, she was squashed. Be that as it may, when later she and Benjamin began to look all starry eyed at one another, her methods of seeing life changed significantly. They were consistently upbeat when they were together, and love transformed her and helped Daisy to rapidly recoup intellectually from her mishap. Losing somebody causes a ton of agony, however there are things that can be gained from it. Toward the finish of every relationship one can gain from their slip-ups and change to the better. Genuine affection is something that can stand the trial of time and regardless of whether it was lost there will at present upbeat recollections left in your heart. The story â€Å"The Skating Party† shows this consummately. In spite of the fact that the uncle, Nathan Singleton was locked in with Eunice Lathem, he really adored her sister Delia Sykes. So when he needed to settle on the decision to spare just one of them he picked the one he truly cherished, Delia Sykes. At long last after Delia moved away with her better half he wasn’t such dismal. From this experience, he realized who he truly adored and made sense of that he couldn’t change the reality, so he never got hitched. He stayed alone yet felt he had done what his heart instructed. It’s preferable to adore at that point lose over never love. Life is an excursion, and love is a major piece of it. Being infatuated change the manners in which one sees things to be shockingly better and it is probably the best inclination anybody can understanding. Indeed, even toward the finish of a relationship there are things that can be discovered that would assist one with improving. So they can gain from that, develop themselves and be significantly more joyful with life. One just gets one possibility of life so it ought to be an actual existence where one encountered all aspects of the excursion, or it will be something they will think back upon and lament for not doing as such.

SPS 022Behind the Scenes of Multiple NYT Bestsellers with Daniel Decker

SPS 022Behind the Scenes of Multiple NYT Bestsellers with Daniel Decker SPS 022:Behind the Scenes of Multiple NYT Bestsellers with Daniel Decker 3 SharesMy visitor today, is Daniel Decker. He is the CEO of Higher Level Group and a specialist at stage advancement, book propelling, and advertising for writers and speakers. He has worked with such eminent creators as Jon Gordon, Michael Hyatt, Ryan Blair, Mark Sanborn, Crystal Paine, Allison Pataki, and Tony Robbins to give some examples. On the off chance that you haven’t knew about him, you have most likely known about one of the books he has helped dispatch. We talk about his first book showcasing adventure, and how he squashed it and proceeded onward to making significantly greater dispatches and stages. We additionally talk about the significance of having a group, and how independent publishers despite everything need to get out there and hustle all alone. Daniel shares the significance of offering something of significant worth whenever attempting to discover advancement openings. He additionally shares his past victories and exercises learned en route. He discusse s stage working for speakers and creators and that's just the beginning. You can discover Daniel here:Daniel Decker Higher Level Group Daniel on Twitter @DanielDecker Daniel on LinkedIn Daniel on Instagram Show Notes [02:10] How Daniel began on the book side of things. He had an advertisement organization. His companion, Jon Gordon, composed a book and they squashed it on showcasing. [06:25] Jon had a 4-week Today Show portion with approaches to get your vitality up. Taking it national worked. [07:12] How Daniel centers around relationship capital and including esteem. He introduced as of now inquired about plans to makers which would help the maker just as themselves for advancement purposes. [12:52] If Daniel can help better the world and feed his family it is a success win. [13:33] Daniel gets enough business by referral that he doesnt truly need to showcase his administrations. [14:31] On the main dispatch the blend of everything was the key, however being on The Today Show trul y made a difference. They additionally ran a Dr. Weil advertisement. [17:44] Being a provider and meeting Michael Hyatt through his blog. He offered to increase the value of Michaels stage and demonstrated that his thoughts were acceptable. [19:03] The significance of influence and having an extraordinary presentation page rather than an AWeber structure. [24:00] Daniel accepts each customer as an individual and what their objectives are before making and consolidating the crusade. [25:38] How its harder for independently published creators to jump on the New York Times list. Presales are significant and dispersing deals among retailers. [26:54] Having a 50/50 procedure between pre-deals and dispatch promoting. [27:39] Getting key with dispatches remembering utilizing free books for the back-end. [28:59] How the NYT list isn't just founded on volume. They are emotional. [33:33] Methods for boosting offers and growing a mailing list. Utilizing things a crowd of people will see as wor th. [34:33] How individuals will in general debase their offers and how it is astounding how well it does. [34:53] The significance of having a dispatch group. [36:06] How individuals need to enable others to succeed and help spread the message. [36:40] Always offer something of significant worth when you connect. [38:22] Having a dispatch group with a thousand people. Generally, 60 to 70 percent take part. How making a dispatch group isn't messing yourself up. [40:02] Nurturing a dispatch group and requesting support and making a net addition of book deals. [41:16] Not consuming individuals out by imparting just things that should be conveyed. [42:18] Remembering that individuals are individuals and utilize your dispatch group deliberately and make certain to draw in with them. [45:50] Asking a dispatch group to peruse and study the book. Requesting audits and to purchase a duplicate. Taking the group on the excursion with you. [50:29] Partnering with noble cause and charities as a motivator to get sees and so forth [53:01] Long tail advancement methodologies incorporate characterizing who you need to be and where you need to go. Would you like to adapt the book or advance your center item? [56:19] Having your book deals followed by BookScan and measurements that distributers use to follow deals. [01:01:19] Daniels plan for utilizing a distributer for his first book and independently publishing for his subsequent book. [01:05:08] Parting guidance is to discover a distributing plan and afterward follow up on it.

Hedda Gabler Essay Research Paper In Henrik free essay sample

Hedda Gabler Essay, Research Paper In Henrik Ibsen? s 1890 show, Hedda Gabler, we meet the excellent, ruined, self-included Hedda. She is the blue young lady of the ulterior General Gabler. The full dramatization takes topographic point in one room and rotates around the dangerous conduct of one grown-up female. Hedda weds, controls and driving forces a pointless life that closes in her implosion. This implosion is an anticipated stoping for such a chilly, impartial delight as Hedda. It is the strong demonstration of a grown-up female who picks perish, over complex life. As the show closes, Hedda is trapped in a snare of decimation. She has consumed Lovberg? s original copy and enviously controlled his implosion. She altogether is liable for his inelegant expire and # 8220 ; the child # 8221 ; . Hedda may hold even pulled off her activities aside from Judge Brack. It is his instinct and his discernment that Hedda is frightful of soil, that drive her into a corner, # 8220 ; Yes, the earth? of which you are mortally apprehensive # 8221 ; ( Ibsen 70 ) . We will compose a custom article test on Hedda Gabler Essay Research Paper In Henrik or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page # 8220 ; And what choices will individuals pull from the way that you did offer it to him? # 8221 ; ( Ibsen 70 ) . Hedda sees her life going injured by Brack? s control, # 8220 ; I am in your capacity none the less. Competent to your will and your requests. A slave, a slave so! # 8221 ; ( Ibsen 71 ) . She cries, # 8220 ; No, I can non digest that! Never! # 8221 ; ( Ibsen 71 ) . Judge Brack compromised Hedda in light of the fact that it gave him power over her. Brack had for quite some time been beguiled by her magnificence and needed Hedda as his kept lady. He was energetic for the conceivable outcomes, this new relationship could make, yet he did area he would non abuse this benefit. Bei ng only a little closer was acceptable bounty for the equity. Since Hedda is a urgent bookkeeper, Brack? s proposition is threatening. On the other hand of taking this situation to add venture to her alleged stifling life, she will not acknowledge Brack? s offer. Hedda? s mentality moves the show to its predicable stoping. Hedda has hitched a dull disapproved of grown-up male who cherishes his work, â€Å"But I! How mortally exhausted I have been† ( Ibsen 43 ) . Hedda picked Tesman in light of the fact that she figured he would have the option to gracefully her with progressively financial advantages. It was a suitable activity for a grown-up female of this clasp period to pick a mate for â€Å"correctness and respectability† rather than adoration. In her boredom, she is furious she did non hold the courage to cherish Elibert Loveberg and is rapacious that Mrs. Elvsted plays such an of import work in Loveberg? s life. Presently Hedda? s life will go around an undesirabl e incubation and a coercing butt face. Consistent with her temperament, Hedda eliminates what she can non order. This clasp it is herself! While Tesman and Mrs. Elvstad start chip away at reproducing Lovberg? s original copy, Hedda goes to her resting room and â€Å"beautifully† shoots herself in the caput. Hedda Gabler? s implosion was an extraordinary demonstration of cowardliness for some grounds. She overlooked the estimation of life itself, the capacity to adjust and the courage to acknowledge the impact of her old activities. Be that as it may, most essentially, in her selfish lack of concern, she intensely submits the killing of her unborn child. Not at all like Lovberg, Hedda is dispassionate and cold in stoping her life. She simply surrenders since she sees no self-reveling ground to populate, # 8220 ; after this I will hush up. # 8221 ; ( Ibsen 71 )

Analysis of Humbert Humbert - Literature Essay Samples

The narrator and focal character of Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita, who has appointed upon himself the pseudonym Humbert Humbert, strikes the reader as one of the most despicable and unorthodox protagonists in classic literature. He embodies numerous flaws and traits that would be nearly intolerable within a human being, but which provide for a fascinating literary character. In Humbert’s narrative, his fundamental traits of self-delusion and inherent immorality are unavoidably exposed to the audience, his supposed jury, as they drive the story forward. However, in an attempt to salvage his reputation, Humbert subtly reveals another prominent trait of his: a general indecisiveness and tendency toward inaction. Nabokov establishes these chief characteristics through various literary tools, such as various forms of chance occurrence, the actions of other characters toward him, and, most importantly, Humbert’s own narrative and use of language.The most defining character istic of the novel’s protagonist is his delusional passion for Lolita and overall detachment from reality, as it is this trait that facilitates Humbert’s immoral actions and tragic ending. One of the chief aspects of Humbert’s delusional nature is his love for the idea of Lolita rather than the girl herself. Nabokov keenly exposes this truth through the skillful use of language in Humbert’s narrative. For instance, the foreword tells the reader that Humbert had altered all of the names in his story except Lolita’s, because â€Å"her first name is too closely interwound with the inmost fiber of the book to allow one to alter it† (3). Humbert also begins his narrative by describing the pronunciation of his love’s name as â€Å"the tip of the tongue taking a trip of three steps down the palate to tap, at three, on the teeth† (9). This heavy emphasis on Lolita’s name presents Humbert’s infatuation as a rather superfic ial one, which is presumably focused more on an arbitrary notion of the girl rather than the girl’s actual identity and behavior. Humbert’s delusional fascination with Lolita is shown later in the narrative when he describes his attempt to recreate one of his childhood sexual experiences with â€Å"Annabel Haze, alias Dolores Lee, alias Loleeta† (177). Once again, this playful use of names suggests that Humbert is not really concerned with Lolita as a person, but rather with his ideal conception of a â€Å"nymphet,† which both Annabel Lee and Dolores Haze seem to fit. Another aspect of Humbert’s lust-induced delusion is his inability to accept Lolita’s relative disdain toward her lover and the inevitability of her maturation out of adolescence, as exhibited primarily by Humbert’s aggressive and oppressive actions with Lolita in his custody. In the beginning of his relationship with the child, Humbert acknowledges that Lolita cannot r emain a nymphet forever, and certainly does not expect her to ever reciprocate his lust for her. Instead, he searches for more innocent and one-sided outlets of his desire, and accordingly expresses his satisfaction at having â€Å"stolen the honey of a spasm without impairing the morals of a minor,† by relieving his physical urges against her body and against her knowledge (65). However, once Humbert sleeps with Lolita and breaks the physical barrier between himself and the nymphet, he simultaneously breaks the barrier between what is reasonable and what is unreasonable within his mind. It is at this point that he expects her to love him as much as he loves her and refuses to let her disregard his affections. He becomes paranoid and jealous, refusing to allow her to mingle with other males in their travels, and persuading her to show him affection and give him sexual favors in exchange for spending money, which draws a disturbing parallel to a traditional child’s mone tary allowance. In a desperate attempt to preserve Lolita’s nymph-like qualities, Humbert threatens to take her away from the school and community that they had become a part of, refusing to believe that, in the course of two years, she could become comparable to â€Å"any vulgar untidy high-school girl who applies shared cosmetics† (216).Although the audience immediately accuses Humbert Humbert of immorality with his confession of hebephilia, Nabokov frequently displays other, possibly darker, nuances of Humbert’s immorality that establish that his wickedness is of an innate nature rather than a result of circumstances, primarily through the use of death and Humbert’s own, creative self-directed insults. Lolita, in conformation to its overall tragic nature, is plagued with death, particularly pertaining to the women in Humbert’s life. He was raised motherless, his Annabel Lee was killed before he could consummate his love for her, both of his wive s suffered untimely deaths, and his beloved Lolita died alongside her stillborn daughter. However, consistent with the theme of Humbert’s lustful delusion, none of those deaths which do not directly interfere with his carnal desires prove to be of much moral consequence to him. On the contrary, Humbert refers to his first wife’s death in childbirth as â€Å"[his] little revenge,† (32), and values the death of Lolita’s mother as a highly fortunate guarantee of his complete possession of the child. Just as the taint of death permeates the narrative, so does Humbert’s apparent sense of self-loathing. In comparison to Lolita’s fair and delicate features, for example, the narrator relates to himself as â€Å"lanky, big-boned, wooly-chested Humbert Humbert, with thick black eyebrows and a queer accent, and a cesspoolful of rotting monsters behind his slow boyish smile,† indicating the immoral desires that hide behind his seductive demeanor (46). Even if these terms of self-denunciation are designed to illicit sympathy from â€Å"the jury,† they nevertheless indicate an underlying sense of malice in Humbert’s nature. Whatever crimes Humbert has committed, and the immoralities that he possesses, it is suggested that he is not entirely to blame for his actions. This is because he possesses the quality of inaction and indecisiveness; he hardly plans out his actions with full conviction, but must be nudged toward many courses of deed. Nabokov highlights this trait with frequent references to Humbert’s evil contemplations and subsequent refusals to carry these ideas out, and the recurring role of fate throughout the narrative. Many times throughout the narrative (barring the end, of course), Humbert contemplates murder so as to meet his desires or compulsions, but decides not to so. As it is difficult for the reader to readily conclude that this is a result of moral restrictions, this is evidence that H umbert has difficulty carrying out decisive actions, and prefers to back out of them, such as when, contemplating murdering Lolita’s mother in the lake so as to ensure his possession of the girl, he addresses the reader by concluding, â€Å"simple, was it not? But what d’ye know, folks I just could not make myself do it,† indicating that it was not any practical matter but an inherent reluctance to take such a strong action that prevented him from doing so (92). Where Humbert’s own initiative fails, then, â€Å"McFate,† as labeled by the narrator, takes command. It is here, therefore that the blame of Humbert’s actions partially fall. Many of the story’s critical occurrences happen by chance, including the death of Lolita’s mother, the vacancy at the Haze’s residence which facilitated Humbert and Lolita’s meeting, and Lolita’s meeting with Quilty, who steals the child from Humbert. Therefore, Humbert is a largely inactive character and does not fully participate even in the most integral of the narrative’s actions. Humbert Humbert of Vladmir’s Lolita is a despicable, yet altogether intriguing character of classic literature. The taboo of hebephilia is portrayed artistically in this character through the peculiar and well-developed traits of inherent morality, lust-inspired self-delusion, and a tendency toward inaction and indecisiveness.

Titles for Police Brutality Essay

Titles for Police Brutality Essay Question What are some good titles for an essay on police brutality?   Answer Police brutality is a multi-faceted topic that lends itself to a number of different approaches.   Before you can determine what to title your police brutality essay, you need to narrow the focus of your essay.   We suggest that you write your title last, after figuring out the focus of your paper and writing your thesis statement.   This way you can ensure that your title is sufficiently specific to give the readers an idea of what you will be discussing in the paper. There are literally thousands of sub-topics if you are writing about the issue of police brutality.   For example, you could focus on police brutality around the world or in a specific country; examine racial issues surrounding police brutality; look at remedies for police brutality; look at police brutality and sexual abuse; or discuss the negative societal consequences of police brutality.   Once you determine your specific topic, you can come up with a title. Titles How the Fear of Police Brutality Discourages African American Males from Exercising Their Constitutional Rights Cops Who Rape: An Investigation of Officers Who Use Their Authority to Commit Sexual Assault Why Are So Few Police Officers Convicted in Cases Where There Is Video Evidence of Police Brutality? Black Lives Matter: A Community Response to Racially Disproportionate Police Brutality Does Publicizing Incidents of Police Brutality Encourage Violence Against Police Officers? Are Excessive Force and Police Brutality the Same Thing? Conclusion Before you can pick a great title for your police brutality essay, you first have to narrow the subject of your paper.   Once you have narrowed the subject and crafted a well-written thesis statement, you can use that thesis statement to guide you in writing your title.

The Cross Cultural Communication and Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2464 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Cross-cultural communication involves in any international organisation activities. In this increasing globalising world, nowadays employers have been facing challenges across time-zones, country borders and cultures. Cultural background is the main aspect that influences an individuals behaviour and perception of the world. It is the successful communication and adequate management of the cultural differences which lead an international workforce to success so as to overcome conflict and miscommunication situation against individuals across different cultures. 2.2 Communication Within Management At todays rapidly growing organisations, there are many different types of communications that effect interactions between employers and employees in small or big organisations. Management is the process to ensure business processes to be completed efficiently and effectively with and through employers and employees. Besides being successful in achieving objectives, management must also be able to work and communicate well with people to run an organisation well (Robbins, 2006, p9). There were two main reasons why communication was so important within management. First, communication is the process in which functions of management to be accomplished (Stoner, 1994, p408). Second, communication is an activity which managers dedicate major of their time to (Stoner, 1994, p.408). These two reasons show the relationship between an organisation, management and effective communication. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Cross Cultural Communication and Management" essay for you Create order 2.3 Language Barrier Daniels et al. (2009) discovered that when people from different cultures speak the same language, culture spreads more easily, and there is greater cultural homogeneity among them (Daniels et al., p104, 2009). As compared, it is more difficult for people who come from different culture areas such as Eastern Asia and Southern America, for example. Though people can use a common language such as English to communicate or understand each other through translators, misinterpretation or misunderstanding may still happen due to cross-cultural differences. Language that describes what speaker wants to say in his/her terms which may present barriers to others from different cultures as they are not familiar with his/her expressions, slant, idioms, jargon, enunciation and emphasis in sentence intonation during conversation as this makes it difficult for listeners to clearly understand what he/she was saying. Communicating in such language will become a way to outcast the others. In this gl obalizing world, the greatest challenge for one is having a sense of awareness to talk in their language of different cultures to create effective communication. (Managing Diversity: Toward a Globally Inclusive Workplace, Michalle E. Mor Barak, 2005, USA: Sage Publications, Inc) 2.4 Non-verbal Communication Barrier Sometime people communicate in some sort of ways where their intention may be misunderstood by others. For example, in non-verbal communication, V-hand sign stands for a victory symbol in many countries but in major Europe, it may be an insulting sign (Liangguang, p199, 2010). Another example, Chinese like to touch childs head to display affection, but in Arab and Thailand, it is an offensive action (Liangguang, p199, 2010). Communication can be established in many different ways. According to Albert Mehrabian, communication can be made up with different elements, words, voice, tone and non-verbal cues. Mehrabian discovered that words are 7% effective, tonality is 38% effective, and body language is 55% effective. So it proves that non-verbal communication plays a significant role in communication. Non-verbal communication, includes our body language, sends some kind of messages without words (Tyler, Kossen Ryan 2005, p. 182). There are many non-verbal theories that include enviro nment, haptics, kinesics, artefacts, proxemics, paralinguistics and physical factors. Below will be further discussions on how each one of these theories effect non-verbal communication and the various effects that age, gender and culture have on these theories. Kinesics is the study of the relationship between non-linguistic human body motion, or body language, and communication (Bordia, et al 2008, pg 346). There are many different types of body language such as different types of facial expressions that are articulated mainly with the eyebrows, mouth, forehead and eyes. Posture and gestures are also body language indicators. Kinesics is the most obvious non-verbal communication form as it includes body language like slouching of the shoulders, raised eyebrows, rolling of the eyes, an opened surprised mouth and a nod of the head. Artifacts are another form of non-verbal communication. Artifacts are the way we dress which includes the clothes we wear, our hair styles, the jew ellery we wear, the makeup we use and any facial hair we may have. Bordia, 2008, says that artifacts are the use of personal adornments and provides important non verbal cues. The way we use artifacts today, especially in the way we dress, tells people a lot about ourselves. It will establish and create the first impression we give to people when meeting them. The clothing we wear to work should reflect the nature and position of where you are employed e.g. you wouldnt wear your football game outfit to your office; you would wear a suit and tie. Another form of non-verbal communication is called haptics. Haptic communication is communication through touch. Haptics is happening around us all the time without us even realising. When you greet your mate and shake his hand or when you greet your girlfriend/boyfriend and give them a kiss or hug, these are all forms of haptics that are happening quite commonly every day. Out of all forms of non-verbal communication haptics is affected the most by culture, age and gender. In terms of culture it varies a lot all over the world how accepted and appreciated touching is. With age it is found that the younger the person the more they are found to touch. It has also been found that women will touch more than men. Most American women shave their legs and underarms and use a variety of lotions to keep their hands soft to touch (Bordia, et al 2008). This shows that haptics means a lot more to women than men. Research reveals that a hug and 10 minutes of hand holding with a romantic partner greatly reduces the harmful physical effects of stress. It appears that, because touch lowers stress hormones, such loving contact protect us throughout the day (Montagu, 1971). 2.5 Disadvantages of Culture Diversity If cross-cultural communication practice is not promoted effectively, negative effect will be posed on individuals ability to communicate with one another in an international community. In contrast with ourselves, working successfully with individuals from different cultures is difficult and change is required (Bruno, 2004). If change is not managed successfully in culture diversified organisations, productivity may be reduced. Culture diversity in work group may increase doubtfulness, complexity and confusion (White, 1999). As such, these groups will find it hard in converging meanings, reaching a single agreement and agreeing on courses of action which reflects the communication within the organisation. Without proper communication, these work groups will not be able to function properly. Communication is the key to success in understanding and solving problems in business world, especially in a group. Perceptions of time, space, and business practices can disrupt effective commu nications (Weiss, 2001). Communication barriers may overtake the groups performance in the organisation. In many organisations, diversity can produce negative dynamics such as ethnocentrism, stereotyping and cultural clashes (White, 1999). Ethnocentrism exists in the organisation when one group believes in their way of thinking and feels superior ones own ethnic group or culture. Minorities may not be valued as they should because they are seen as being inferior to the homogenous culture already established in the organisation. One may be stereotyped by the others when associating certain behaviours of one with another group. Therefore, the person is not valued for what they are as an individual but often being associated to the particular group and held responsible for that groups actions. Cultural clashes, like stereotyping, do not allow the individual proving him or herself. The disharmony between two cultures, for any reason, prohibits the individuals from different culture to f ully perform in a culturally diverse work group. Therefore, if employers are unable to manage diversity, it may detract from performance. Another disadvantage of culturally diverse work groups is intergroup conflict. Intergroup conflict can be well-managed if employers harmonise competing goals, assign power in a representative manner, affirm the identity of minority group members, and act when resources are plentiful and cultural differences are lower or well-understood (White, 1999).The biggest issue with cultural diversity in the work groups is the managers lack of knowledge of how to lead a culturally diverse work group. 2.6 Advantages of Culture Diversity On the other hand, being tangled in the cultural diversity circumstances can be beneficial if sufficient exploration is done as there will be much different view of points and experience from people who are raised differently in their own culture with variety of backgrounds rather than your own. Diversity creates a way of fuelling growth for organisation by tapping into fast-growing multicultural markets (Pellet, 2004). If managers can effectively lead culturally diverse work groups, the organisations will benefit from the advantages. There is substantial argument over diverse groups and organisations having performance advantages over homogenous groups (White, 1999). These advantages are outlined as follows: (1) attracts and retains the best available human talent, (2) better adapts to change and exhibits more organisational flexibility, (3) understands and penetrates wider and improved markets, (4) presents higher creativity and innovation, (5) presents a better problem solvin g ability. Studies show that when organisations attract, retain, and promote highest employment of people from culturally diverse backgrounds, they gain competitive advantage and maintain the highest quality of human talent. By restraining the number of diverse workers in an organisation, the organisation is also restraining range of information and resources it could attain from the culturally diverse workers. The organisations can also reach out for wider and improved markets when they have an increased understanding of the social and cultural environment of foreign countries through its culturally diverse work force. The increase in understanding can ease selling goods and services in the growingly diverse marketplace. Culturally diverse employees allow the organisations to acquire high levels of creativity and innovation. The high levels of creativity and innovation generates a greater openness to new ideas. Culturally diverse work groups can provide a broader and richer expe rience to approach a problem. According to, Charlene Nemeth, in a series of research studies, found that groups subjected to minority views are better at critically analyzing decision issues and alternatives than those that were not (Cox, 2001). These diverse organizations consist of expanded meanings, multiple perspectives, and multiple interpretations, which enables it to be more capable of avoiding the consequences of groupthink. Groupthink primarily occurs in highly organised, homogeneous groups. The members tend to lose their critical thinking and become unwilling to criticise one another (Weiss, 2001). Cultural diversity triggers flexibility in the organisation because it allows multiple ways of organising and responding to information. This variety also increases the flexibility of thought since the employees will speak two or more languages (Cox, 2001). 2.7 Training Programs To ensure the success of culturally diverse work groups, some organisations discovered that diversity training programs is necessary to remain competitive for the organisation in this rapid changing environment and managing diversity improves its competitive advantage in recruiting and retaining employees and that it increases productivity quality, creativity and morale. Diversity management workshops offer training for managers to discover what it takes to be a minority in this wide society. A multicultural board oversees the organisations diversity efforts. New minority employees will also be introduced by mentor program to the organisations culture. The organisation believes that managing diversity creates better customer service, improves its public image and boosts clients confidence and credibility. With diverse training programs, efforts to educate the organisation about the benefits can help diversity evolving from programs and initiatives to be a fundamental part of an org anisations culture (Pellet, 2004). 2.8 Summary In this literature review, we tried to discover on different theories to better understand the concept of cross-cultural communication. Translation covers only a small part of problems of working with people of other nations and cultures. Differences in cultural background may affect communication between people of different countries, and International English may be evolving a cultural style of its own. There are various aspects like verbal and nonverbal communication which we have tried to cover with an intention to have a better understanding in dealing with the specific countries that we have covered. However these are much more complex than it is possible to convey. These aspects even influence the course of communications, and can be responsible for conflict or the escalation of conflict when it leads to miscommunication or misinterpretation. A culturally-fluent approach to conflict means working overtime to understand these and other ways communication varies across culture s, and applying these understandings in order to enhance relationships across differences. In cross-cultural communication with East Asian countries, when you are dealing with people of different countries, treat people the way they want to be treated, instead of the way you think they should be. Genuine respect for their beliefs, opinions and lifestyle is essential. The key to successful communication is relationship building. The latter can only be achieved by developing an empathy with, and understanding of, the socio-cultural dynamics of different communities. Communicating with those unfamiliar to us does not come easily. 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